Ayako Taniguchi

Psychological and Behavioral Effects of Travel Feedback Program for Travel Behavior Modification

The effects of the Travel Feedback Program (TFP) on travel behaviors and psychological factors that may influence automobile use were investigated. TFP was proposed as a method of modifying travel behavior with automobile use into travel behavior without automobile use. In TFP, participants were asked to report their travel activity behavior, after which they received feedback on that behavior, including information about the amount of carbon dioxide emission resulting from the behavior, and comments or suggestions from the program coordinators on how to reduce automobile use. The behavioral and psychological effects produced by TFP were theoretically investigated on the basis of norm activation theory, which describes the psychological process of altruistic behavior proposed in social psychology. From the theory that automobile-use reduction or pro-environmental behavior is influenced by behavioral intention to reduce automobile use, it was hypothesized that behavioral intention is in turn influenced by moral obligation, and moral obligation is in turn influenced by awareness of the negative environmental consequences of automobile use. The psychological and behavioral data confirmed the set of hypotheses of causal relations, and the data indicated that TFP has a significant positive effect on pro-environmental behavior even 1 year after participation in TFP.

Mobility Management in Japan: Its Development and Meta-Analysis of Travel Feedback Programs

This study examined the history, current situation, and characteristics of mobility management (MM) in Japan and quantitatively analyzed the effectiveness of MM in Japan by extending a previous meta-analysis to include data until 2003. The most frequently used MM method in Japan involves travel feedback programs (TFPs). For the meta-analysis, all reports and research papers describing TFP implementations in Japan published in or before December 2005 were collected. Thirty-one cases of MM had been implemented in residential areas, schools, and workplaces. This study focused on TFPs implemented in residential areas, for which many reports and larger sample sizes exist. The analysis results indicate that TFPs in residential areas of Japan reduced car use by 7.3% to 19.1% and increased public transport use by 30.0% to 68.9% on average. Analysis of the effectiveness of TFP techniques indicated that goal setting leads to significant changes in travel behavior from car use to more sustainable transport.

Process Model of Voluntary Travel Behavior Modification and Effects of Travel Feedback Programs

This study tested an integrated process model of travel behavior modification. The model combined a theory of planned behavior, a theory of norm activation, a theory of implementation intention, and theories of habit. To test the integrated model, panel data (n = 208) obtained before and after travel feedback programs (TFPs) were used (the TFP is a communication program aimed at voluntary modification of travel behavior, from automobile use to nonautomobile means of travel such as public transit and bicycle). A structural equations model using the collected data tested the integrated model. The results indicated that habit prevented people from forming behavioral intentions for behavior change; behavior change was induced by implementation intentions, which were influenced by behavior intentions; behavioral intentions were influenced by altruistic determinants.

Older drivers’ risks of at-fault motor vehicle collisions

In aging societies, increasing numbers of older drivers are involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), and preserving their safety is a growing concern. In this study, we focused on whether older drivers were more likely to cause MVCs and injuries than drivers in other age groups. To do so we compared at-fault MVC incidence and resulting injury risks by drivers ages, using data from Japan, a country with a rapidly aging population. The at-fault MVC incidence was calculated based on distance traveled made for non-commercial purposes, and the injury risks posed to at-fault drivers and other road users per at-fault MVCs. We used MVC data for 2010 from the National Police Agency of Japan and driving exposure data from the Nationwide Person Trip Survey conducted by a Japanese governmental ministry in 2010. The at-fault MVC incidence showed a U-shaped curve across the drivers ages, where teenage and the oldest drivers appeared to be the highest risk groups in terms of causing MVCs, and the incidence was higher for female drivers after age 25. The injury risk older drivers posed to other vehicle occupants because of their at-fault MVCs was lower than for drivers in other age groups, while their own injury risk appeared much higher. As the number of older drivers is increasing, efforts to reduce their at-fault MVCs appear justified.

Theoretical Underpinnings of Practical Strategies for Changing Travel Behaviour

Several types of practical strategies have been implemented to change travel behaviour in a socially desirable direction. Examples include investments in infrastructure designed to increase the benefits of using non-motorized travel modes and measures to decrease the benefits of car use. Behavioural change strategies termed mobility management have also been implemented to increase awareness and influence psychological factors to encourage voluntary change from car use to other travel modes. An integrated process model of behavioural change is described. The model implies important roles of intention, attitude, awareness, responsibility, moral, norm, and habit. It is important to identify and understand how these psychological variables involved in behavioural change are influenced by transport policies as well as how they operate irrespectively of a particular transport policy. In this context, it is argued that a combination of transport policy measures will be more effective in changing travel behaviour than will single measures.

Behavioral Changes in Migration Associated with Jobs, Residences, and Family Life

This chapter first explores migration-related urban issues and then illustrates migration dynamics. It further points out the limitations of existing migration theories. To overcome the shortcomings of existing theories, this chapter presents a new analysis framework for migration, where multiple life choices, including migration, are simultaneously incorporated by expanding the theory of planned behavior. To empirically confirm the applicability of the new framework, a web-based questionnaire survey about migration associated with employment, dwellings and child rearing was implemented in Japan in 2015. This is the first study to reveal such interrelated behavioral changes in multiple life domains from the perspective of decision-making process. Such a theoretical reformulation could provide more scientific insights into cross-sectoral policies of migration than existing theories.

Public-access automated external defibrillators and defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a public health concern particularly in aging societies [1]. Despite its poor prognosis at large, early interventions, including chest compression and defibrillation using an automated external defibrillator (AED) by bystanders, increase patient survival probabilities. Defibrillation is an effective intervention for those with shockable arrhythmias [2]. In Japan, defibrillation by laypersons using public-access AEDs has been permitted since 2004. Reportedly, increasing the number of public-access AEDs has contributed to improving the prognosis of the patients [3]. For efficient use, public-access AEDs should be deployed in densely crowded places, such as public transport nodes. We examined the association between the deployment of AEDs in public transport nodes and the use of public-access defibrillators for OHCA patients.

National 10-year trend in road injuries involving school children on the way to and from school in Japan, 2003–2012

Objectives To quantitatively describe the recent longitudinal trend in road injuries involving school children while commuting to and from school in Japan and to identify groups or situations with particularly large or small decreasing trends. Methods Data on the number of children aged 6–15u2005years who sustained road injuries while commuting were obtained, stratified by year, demographic characteristics, mode of transport and other variables. The rates of killed or seriously injured (KSI) children were calculated from the number of KSI cases (the numerator) and the product of population and the proportion of each mode of transport estimated using the Person Trip Survey data (the denominator). We conducted descriptive analyses of the longitudinal trend in KSI rates stratified by the variables, and Poisson regression analyses were employed to quantify the annualised changes in the rates. Results During the study period, 166 children were killed and 8484 children were seriously injured; the KSI rate decreased approximately 30%. The KSI rate was almost 10 times higher among cyclists than pedestrians. In cyclists, the decrease in the KSI rate among children aged 12–15u2005years was smaller in boys than in girls (estimated change −14% vs −30%). The KSI rate of male pedestrians aged 6–7u2005years was larger than female and older pedestrians, with a large decrease of 48%. Conclusions Although the overall rate of road injuries among children while commuting was decreasing, cyclists were at a much greater risk than pedestrians, and the improvements for cyclists occurred at a slower pace.

A STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF TRAFFIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM BY ADDING HEALTH ASPECT

本研究では，近年の成人の生活習慣病の増加傾向と小学生の肥満傾向を踏まえて，学校教育モビリティマネジメントの主な題材である交通と環境の関係に，交通と健康の関係を加えた授業を実施し，その効果を検証することを試みた．具体的には，神奈川県秦野市の小学校5年生とその保護者を対象とし，従来の交通環境教育を受講した群と，交通環境教育に健康問題も追加した授業を受講した群を比較することで，授業内容の違いが態度に及ぼす影響を分析した．その結果，児童の態度変容効果については，授業内容の差よりも学校間の影響の方が大きい可能性が示唆された．また，交通環境教育に健康問題を追加した授業は，従来の環境のみに着目した授業と同程度に環境と交通に関する意識が活性化することに加え，健康に関する意識も活性化することが示唆された．

A Study on an Analysis of Trips to Pick up and Drop Off Someone and the Possibility of Psychological Strategy in TDM as a Measure of Trip Reduction

This study focused a type of trip to pick up and drop off someone, and defined it. On basis of elements which affect the trip, actual status of the trips to pick up and drop off someone was identified by using TFP and data of individuals trip research conducted in major Japanese cities in 1999. Furthermore, how TFP, apsychological strategy of TDM had changed the trips was surveyed to examine the effect of TFP. The results showed that the percentage of the trips to pick up and drop off someone was high in the morning when traffic volume peaked, and that the percentage of other type of trips which would be changeable to a different type of trip was decreased. To identify all family members trip behaviors is necessary to further analyze the trips to pick up and drop off someone.