Aydın Yenilmez

Antioxidant effects of melatonin and coenzyme Q10 on oxidative damage caused by single-dose ochratoxin A in rat kidney.

In the study, the effects of relatively high single-dose of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and the antioxidant effects of Melatonin (Mel) and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on OTA-induced oxidative damages in rats were investigated. A total of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of 7 rats each: Control, OTA, Mel+OTA and CoQ10+OTA groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the plasma and glutathione (GSH) levels in whole blood were measured; kidneys (for histological inspection and for apoptosis detection by TUNEL method) and bone marrow samples (for chromosome aberration and mitotic index) were taken. The rats in the OTA group showed limited degeneration of tubular cells. In some tubules karyomegaly, desquamated cells and vacuolization were observed by light microscopy. Mel and CoQ10 treatment significantly reduced the severity of the lesions. MDA levels of the OTA group were significantly higher than the control, OTA+Mel and OTA+CoQ10 groups, while GSH levels were significantly lower than the control, OTA+Mel and OTA+CoQ10 groups. Higher incidences of apoptotic bodies were observed in the kidneys of the OTA group although OTA administration did not significantly change the incidence of apoptotic bodies when compared to the control and antioxidant administrated groups. Although the percentage of the mitotic index was lowest in the OTA group, no statistical difference was found among the groups. Additionally, OTA had no numerical and structural significant effects on chromosomes. It was observed that single-dose OTA administration caused oxidative damages in rat kidney and Mel or CoQ10 treatment appeared to ameliorate the OTA-induced tissue injuries.

Protective Effects of Leptin on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Bladder

The aim of the study was to evaluate protective effects of exogenous leptin on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injuries to the urinary bladder tissue and to investigate the effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and apoptotic cells during I/R injury. Bladder I/R injury was induced by abdominal aorta occlusion by ischemia for 45 min, followed by 60 min of reperfusion in rats. The rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 8 + 8), I/R (n = 8 + 8) and I/R+leptin group (n = 8 + 8). The rats in the I/R+leptin group were treated intraperitoneally with leptin (10 microg/kg) 60 min prior to ischemia induction. At the end of the reperfusion period, urinary bladders of the first eight rats from each group were removed for TUNEL staining processing while the others were removed for biochemical analyses for MDA and TNF-alpha levels. In the I/R group, the ratios of TUNEL-positive nuclei were higher than the control and the I/R+leptin groups. The MDA and TNF-alpha levels of the bladder tissue in the I/R group were higher than the control and leptin-treated groups. TUNEL-staining and biochemical studies revealed that leptin has a protective effect on urinary bladder I/R injury.

Preventive Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Bladder

Aims: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effects of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury in the rat bladder. Methods: A bladder I-R injury was induced by abdominal aorta occlusion by ischemia for 30 min, followed by 45 min reperfusion in rats. The rats were divided into four groups of 7 rats each; the control, I-R, and I-R groups were pretreated intraperitoneally with 50 or 100 mg/kg G. biloba 60 min before ischemia induction. Contractile responses to carbachol through isolated organ bath studies were recorded, histological sections were evaluated by light microscopy, and TUNEL staining was performed for the evaluation of apoptosis. Results: In the I-R group, the contractile responses of the bladder strips were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.01–0.001) and were restored by pretreatment with 100 mg/kg G. biloba (p < 0.05–0.001). Decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was detected in the G. biloba pretreatment groups when compared to the I-R group during histological evaluation. The ratio of TUNEL-positive nuclei was 1.84% in the I-R group, whereas it was decreased in both of the G. biloba pretreatment groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data indicated that G. biloba has a preventive effect on I-R injury in rat urinary bladder.

Effect of αlipoic acid and silymarin on bladder outlet obstruction

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the treatment of obstructed rat bladders with αlipoic acid (ALA) and silymarin reverses the biochemical and physiological responses to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). A total of 32 adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=8 per group): sham (placebo surgery) animals with no treatment (group 1); control animals with surgically induced BOO (group 2); obstructed rats treated with ALA (group 3); and obstructed rats treated with silymarin (group 4). Histological evaluation, bladder weights, collagen structure, TdT-mediated biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), inducible nitric oxide sentase (iNOS) mRNA levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels were investigated. The ALA-treated group had similar bladder weights, collagen levels and TUNEL positivity and decreased iNOS levels compared with the control group, while the silymarin group exhibited further differences. Serum MDA and TNF-α levels were both decreased in the ALA and silymarin groups. ALA treatment reduced the increased oxidative stress and bladder inflammation caused by BOO and may contribute to the protection of bladder function.

Perforation of the upper ureter: a rare complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Perforation of the upper ureter is a rare but serious complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). Ureteral perforation can cause a series of problems including the retroperitoneal urinoma, urosepsis, abscess formation, infection, and subsequent renal function impairment. We reported here a rare case of SWL-induced upper ureteral rupture resulting in an expanding retroperitoneal urinoma that required percutaneous drainage. Ureteral perforation was treated successfully without major surgical intervention by employing temporary percutaneous drainage and antibiotics. The present case indicates that potential ureter rupture may form in rare cases; especially in patients having infected stones and exposed to a high number of shock waves. This complication further emphasizes the importance of adequate pre-and post-operative evaluation and the precise identification of the cause of the persistent pain after SWL.

Effect of Work-Related Factors on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Nurses and Secretaries.

The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between work‐related factors and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and to emphasize the vicious circle between symptoms and work conditions.

Verrucous carcinoma of the renal pelvis with a focus of conventional squamous cell carcinoma.

Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with an extremely well-differentiated microscopic appearance. It is able to show extensive local invasion, but practically never metastasizes. VCs mostly occur in the oral cavity, larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, vulva, vagina, anorectal region, penis and skin. VCs sometimes coexist with conventional SCCs, and in these instances they are associated with a higher recurrence rate than pure VCs. The occurrence of VC in the renal pelvis is very rare and to date only 4 cases have been reported. We report here a case of VC with a focus of conventional SCC in the renal pelvis. The patient showed fistula formation by residual tumor in the follow-up period.

Adenonocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Mimicking Simple Ureterocele. A Case Report

We report a case of adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder, mimicking simple ureterocele in a 55-year-old man, presenting irritative bladder symptoms. The literature review highlights the rarity of such tumor. Intravenous urography showed a dilated terminal portion of the left ureter resembling a cobra-head appereance. Cystoscopy revealed suspicious hyperemic lesion on the mucosa of the dilated terminal portion of the left ureter. Transurethral biopsy of the lesion was performed and pathological examination revealed a muscle-invasive adenocarcinoma. There were no metastatic lesions on computed tomography. The patient underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.

Penile Fracture: Retrospective Analysis and Review of the Literature

Objective: Penile fractures are infrequent cases in urological emergencies and 21 patients (23 cases) that were treated at our clinic together with relevant literature were discussed in this study. Methods: The medical data of patients with penile fracture from 1999 to 2009 was collected and retrospectively analyzed. All patients were clinically diagnosed as penile fracture. Information was updated by phone interview and patients were asked if they had sufficient erection for vaginal penetration. Associated literature was obtained from PubMed using the key word ‘penile fracture’. Results: Twenty-one patients presented with penile fracture. Nineteen patients (82.6%) came from urban areas and 14 patients (60.8%) had penile fracture during sexual intercourse. Two patients had a second penile fracture. Twenty-two patients evaluated with clinical presentation and did not need any imaging tools. A retrograde urethrogram was performed only on one patient who was in urinary retention and this patient was diagnosed as fracture of the corpus spongiosum with complete urethral rupture. Seventeen patients (73.9%) were treated with urgent surgical repair. One patient suffered from intact bilateral corporeal bodies in surgery and only one patient had wound infection after surgery. Six patients (26.1%) were followed-up conservatively. The rate of erectile dysfunction after surgery and conservative treatment was 11 and 33.3%, respectively. Time to resume normal sexual function was a mean of 4.9 months (1 to 24 months). Conclusion: As an Asian-European country the etiologies in our study were more similar to Western types. Diagnosis was usually based on patient’s history and examination of the penis. Urethral examination should not be forgotten. Early surgery was successful, similar with the literature. Also we have to notice those patients for which vigorous sexual action causes a second fracture.