Ayesha Hussain Khan

EDDEEC: Enhanced Developed Distributed Energy-efficient Clustering for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks☆

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of large number of randomly deployed energy constrained sensor nodes. Sensor nodes have ability to sense and send sensed data to Base Station (BS). Sensing as well as transmitting data towards BS require high energy. In WSNs, saving energy and extending network lifetime are great challenges. Clustering is a key technique used to optimize energy consumption in WSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel clustering based routing technique: Enhanced Developed Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering scheme (EDDEEC) for heterogeneous WSNs. Our technique is based on changing dynamically and with more efficiency the Cluster Head (CH) election probability. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol achieves longer lifetime, stability period and more effective messages to BS than Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Developed DEEC (DDEEC) and Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) in heterogeneous environments.

BEENISH: Balanced Energy Efficient Network Integrated Super Heterogeneous Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks☆

Abstract In past years there has been increasing interest in field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). One of the major issue of WSNs is development of energy efficient routing protocols. Clustering is an effective way to increase energy efficiency. Mostly, heterogenous protocols consider two or three energy level of nodes. In reality, heterogonous WSNs contain large range of energy levels. By analyzing communication energy consumption of the clusters and large range of energy levels in heterogenous WSN, we propose BEENISH (Balanced Energy Efficient Network Integrated Super Heterogenous) Protocol. It assumes WSN containing four energy levels of nodes. Here, Cluster Heads (CHs) are elected on the bases of residual energy level of nodes. Simulation results show that it performs better than existing clustering protocols in heterogeneous WSNs. Our protocol achieve longer stability, lifetime and more effective messages than Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Developed DEEC (DDEEC) and Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC).

Efficient Data Gathering in 3D Linear Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sink Mobility

Due to the unpleasant and unpredictable underwater environment, designing an energy-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) demands more accuracy and extra computations. In the proposed scheme, we introduce a mobile sink (MS), i.e., an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and also courier nodes (CNs), to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. MS and CNs stop at specific stops for data gathering; later on, CNs forward the received data to the MS for further transmission. By the mobility of CNs and MS, the overall energy consumption of nodes is minimized. We perform simulations to investigate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it to preexisting techniques. Simulation results are compared in terms of network lifetime, throughput, path loss, transmission loss and packet drop ratio. The results show that the proposed technique performs better in terms of network lifetime, throughput, path loss and scalability.

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Sesquiterpene Coumarins from Ferula narthex Bioss: A New Anticancer Agent

[This corrects the article on p. 26 in vol. 7, PMID: 26909039.].The main objective of cancer management with chemotherapy (anticancer drugs) is to kill the neoplastic (cancerous) cell instead of a normal healthy cell. The bioassay-guided isolation of two new sesquiterpene coumarins (compounds 1 and 2) have been carried out from Ferula narthex collected from Chitral, locally known as “Raw.” Anticancer activity of crude and all fractions have been carried out to prevent carcinogenesis by using MTT assay. The n-hexane fraction showed good activity with an IC50 value of 5.434 ± 0.249 μg/mL, followed by crude MeFn extract 7.317 ± 0.535 μg/mL, and CHCl3 fraction 9.613 ± 0.548 μg/mL. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from chloroform fraction. Among tested pure compounds, compound 1 showed good anticancer activity with IC50 value of 14.074 ± 0.414 μg/mL. PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra) analysis of the compound 1 was carried out, in order to predicts their binding probability with anti-cancer target. As a results the compound 1 showed binding probability with human histone acetyltransferase with Pa (probability to be active) value of 0.303. The compound 1 was docked against human histone acetyltransferase (anti-cancer drug target) by using molecular docking simulations. Molecular docking results showed that compound 1 accommodate well in the anti-cancer drug target. Moreover the activity support cancer chemo preventive activity of different compounds isolated from the genus Ferula, in accordance with the previously reported anticancer activities of the genus.

Non-invasive Induction Link Model for Implantable Biomedical Microsystems: Pacemaker to Monitor Arrhythmic Patients in Body Area Networks

In this paper, a non-invasive inductive link model for an Implantable Biomedical Microsystems (IBMs) such as, a pacemaker to monitor Arrhythmic Patients (APs) in Body Area Networks (BANs) is proposed. The model acts as a driving source to keep the batteries charged, inside a device called, pacemaker. The device monitors any drift from natural human heart beats, a condition of arrythmia and also in turn, produces electrical pulses that create forced rhythms that, matches with the original normal heart rhythms. It constantly sends a medical report to the health center to keep the medical personnel aware of the patients conditions and let them handle any critical condition, before it actually happens. Two equivalent models are compared by carrying the simulations, based on the parameters of voltage gain and link efficiency. Results depict that the series tuned primary and parallel tuned secondary circuit achieves the best results for both the parameters, keeping in view the constraint of coupling co-efficient (k), which should be less than a value 0.45 as, desirable for the safety of body tissues.

DSM: Dynamic Sink Mobility Equipped DBR for Underwater WSNs

Abstract In this paper, we present Dynamic Sink Mobility equipped DBR (DSM) routing protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). Our proposed scheme increases the stability period, network lifetime, and throughput of the UWSN. The scheme incorporates dynamic sink mobility in a way that sink moves towards most dense (in terms of number of nodes) region (quadrant) of the network. Moving the sink to high density region ensures maximum collection of data. As, more number of nodes (sensors) are able to send data directly to sink, therefore, significant amount of energy is saved in each particular round. However, there is a certain drawback to this approach. Nodes which are far from sink have to wait much for their turn. So, there are chances of data loss in the considered scenario. To overcome this issue our scheme includes Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in the other regions of the network. AUVs act as relays by collecting data from the nodes of their respective regions and then transmit data to sink at a closest distance with it. Simulation results show that DSM outperforms the other existing routing protocol DBR in terms of stability period, network lifetime, and network throughput.

SMPC: Singular division of Multipath Power Control tree based routing protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to unique and unreliable characteristics of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN), providing scalable and energy efficient services are very challenging. Acoustic communication is used for the data transmission, which has limited bandwidth that causes the performance deficiencies. In this paper, we propose Singular division of Multipath Power Control (SMPC) routing protocol for UWSNs. We divided the network area into vertical sections of equal size and tree based routing strategy is established for the data transmission. Multiple copies of the same data packet are generated by the source nodes and send through its leaf nodes toward surface gateways. Then surface gateways deliver all these packets to the sink. Multiple copies are combined and original packet is generated by sink. Simulation results are conducted on the bases of different parameters, and results shows that SMPC significantly improve the network performance in sense of energy consumption and end to end delay.

Resistance patterns of diversified phylogroups of Escherichia coli associated with mothers having history of preterm births in Pakistan.

Abstract Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), and are one of the key predictors of preterm births. In the light of this fact, present study was conducted to determine the predominant Escherichia coli (E. coli) phylotypes and their associated antibiotic susceptibility patterns, isolated from pregnant mothers with the history of preterm births. Methods: Forty seven E. coli strains were isolated out of a total of 80 urine samples of pregnant women. The isolates were phylotyped and further screened for the presence of Clonal group A. Moreover, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and screening for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing strains were also performed. Results: Among the 47 isolates, phylogroup B2 was found to be highly prevalent (45%), followed by group D (23%), B1 (10.64%), A (6.38%), E (6.38%), cryptic clade I (4.25%) and F (2.13%). Two isolates belonged to CgA and 41 (87.23%) isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant. Out of nine antibiotics tested in the study, the isolates displayed high resistance to Ampicillin (82.6%), Sulphamethoxazole (65.22%), Nalidixic acid (60.87%), Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Doxycycline and Erythromycin (56.52% each). In total, 8 (17.02%) of the isolates were found to be ESBL positive. Conclusions: The prevalence of infections caused by virulent and highly drug resistant E. coli isolates constitute a risk of developing preterm birth complications in pregnant women and requires the selection of appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused during pregnancy.

DYN-NbC-JSM: Dynamic Joint Sink Mobility with Need-Based Clustering in WSNs

The prolonged existence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a major issue that impacts the application of such networks. This issue can be addressed by sink mobility which is an effective way to enhance network lifetime. Most of the proposals give evidence of lifetime improvement, however, joint optimization of sink mobility and routing is still an important area in WSNs. In this paper, we present need-based clustering (NbC) with dynamic joint sink mobility (JSM) scheme (DYN-NbC-JSM) for WSNs. Our proposed scheme increases the stability period, network lifetime, and throughput of the WSN. The scheme incorporates dynamic sink mobility in a way that two mobile sinks jointly move in the regions of highest density and sparsity. Intelligently moving the sink to high density region ensures maximum collection of data. As, more number of nodes are able to send data directly to sink, therefore, significant amount of energy is saved in each particular round. Secondly, moving another sink to sparse region, save the energy for nodes which due to communicating at long distances (as sparsely disributed) are close to death. However, there is certain limitation to this approach. Nodes which are far from sink have to wait much for their turn. So, there is chance of buffer overflow that is not desirable. To overcome this issue our scheme includes NbC. Clustering (communication via CHs) becomes the part for those regions which are away from both sinks. Simulation results show that DYN-NbC-JSM outperforms the other two protocols DYN-NbC-SSM (single sink mobility scenario) and M-LEACH in terms of stability period, network lifetime, and network throughput.

DYN-NbC: A New Routing Scheme to Maximize Lifetime and Throughput of WSNs

In this paper, we present need-based clustering (NbC) with dynamic sink mobility (DYN-NbC) scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Our proposed scheme increases the stability period, network lifetime, and throughput of the WSN. The scheme incorporates dynamic sink mobility in a way that mobile sink (MS) moves from dense (in terms of number of nodes) regions towards sparse regions. Intelligently moving the sink to high density regions ensure maximum collection of data. As, more number of nodes (sensors) are able to send data directly to MS, therefore, significant amount of energy is saved in each particular round. However, there is a certain limitation to this approach. Nodes which are far from sink have to wait much for their turn. So, there are chances of buffer (node storage) overflow that is not desirable. To overcome this issue our scheme includes. Clustering (communication via CHs) becomes the part for those regions which are away from MS. Simulation results show that DYN-NbC outperforms the other two protocols D-LEACH and LEACH in terms of stability period, network lifetime, and network throughput.