Azlizan Mat Enh

The battle of manzikert in 1071 a.d and its consequences to the Byzantine empire

This study aims to analyze the battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D, and to examine its consequences on the Byzantine Empire. The methodology used in this article are primary sources namely manuscripts, historical records as well as secondary sources. The impact of Manzikert battle which occurred between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk State in 1071 A.D. indicates the powers and forces of the Byzantine Empire were destroyed economically and militarily. Actually, it is a turning point in the history of Christian-Muslim conflict. The Byzantine Empire started to set its eyes on the Catholic West to save it from dangers of the Islamic State and heathenish dangers represented by Pechenegs and Turkmen. However, it was not able anymore to defend itself after this battle. Hence, Manzikert battle increased Byzantine internal confusion and helped the Seljuk to interfere onto the Empire affairs. Finally, this study reveals that the Byzantine Empire was beginning to end from 1071 to 1204 A.D.

World war 1: Who was to blame?

World War I broke out when diplomacy among the Great Powers failed to resolve Archduke Franz Ferdinands murder by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb terrorist, on June 28(superscript th), 1914 in Sarajevo. The Great Powers, at this time, had formed into two camps, and had much confidence in their respective allies through defence agreements. For example, Austria Hungary, Germany and Italy had signed the Triple Alliance Treaty in 1882, while Russia, France and Britain had signed the Triple Entente in 1907. The situation became increasingly critical when Russia and Germany rigidly supported their respective allies. A war was inevitable, into which the Great Powers were dragged. The objectives of this paper are to study how far the European Great Powers strove to prevent World War I in Europe and what factors brought the involvement of the Great Powers in war. This study is based on the analysis of unpublished British documents at the Public Records Office in London and the compilation of British documents entitled The Origins of The War, 1894-1914. This study finds that, in the year 1914, the Great Powers were prepared for war because of their own interests, which included expanding their colonies and strengthening their economies and power in and outside of Europe.