B. Chand

A Review, Bibliography, and Tabulation of K, L, and Higher Atomic Shell X‐Ray Fluorescence Yields

The K, L, and higher atomic shell x‐ray fluorescence yield measured data, covering the period 1978 to 1993, following the major previous compilations by Bambynek et al. (1972) and Krause (1979), are reviewed. An annotated bibliography of x‐ray fluorescence yield measurements, analyses, fits and tables 1978–1993 is presented. Comparisons of the fluorescence yields ωk, ωL, and ωM, based on measurements, and on theoretical models, are presented. Values of ωK, ωL, and ωM, fitted to standard empirical parametric formulations, are presented. In addition, selected well‐characterized measured ωK, ωL, and ωM results restricted to the period 1978–1993 are listed. These selected measured values are fitted by least squares to polynomials in Z of the form ∑nanZn and compared with theoretical and with earlier fitted values. A section on application of fluorescence yield data to computations of x‐ray energy‐absorption coefficients is included.

Production of Li subshell and M shell vacancies following inner-shell vacancy production

Abstract The probabilities for transfer of vacancies from the K shell to an L i Subshell ( η KL i ) and to the M shell (η KM ), and from the L i Subshell to the M shell ( η L i M ) are evaluated for elements with atomic numbers 18 ≤ Z ≤ 96 using the theoretical radiative transition rates of Scofield [Phys. Rev. A 9 (1974) 1041; At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14 (1974) 121] and radiationless transition rates tabulated by Chen et al. [At Data Nucl. Data Tables 24 (1979) 13; Phys. Rev. A 21 (1980) 442]. The calculated vacancy transfer probabilities are least-squares fitted to polynomials to obtain analytical relations that represent these probabilities as a function of atomic number.

Impact of lead pollution on the status of other trace metals in blood and alterations in hepatic functions

Lead pollution and its impact on the status of four other trace elements—Fe, Zn, Br, and Rb—have been studied in the whole blood samples of different population groups employing energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. These population groups included normal, automobile workers and lead battery manufacturers. The maximum increase in the concentration of trace elements in the blood samples of automobile workers and battery manufacturers was observed for Pb, when compared with normal Pb-B levels. The effect of lead pollution had significantly reduced Zn levels in automobile workers. Fe-B levels in automobile workers had been found to be reduced significantly as compared to control, whereas in battery workers the reduction was not significant. The concentration of Br was greatly enhanced in the blood samples of automobile workers, whereas Rb-B levels were significantly higher in both the automobile and battery workers. Oral administration of lead acetate (100 mg/kg body wt) to experimental rats significantly decreased the activities of hepatic transaminases after 3 and 4 mo of treatment, whereas the activity of hepatic alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly after 4 mo of treatment. It is concluded from this study that higher Pb-B levels greatly influence the levels of other trace elements in human blood samples and also the activities of hepatic transaminases as well as alkaline phosphatase in experimental rats.

M shell X-ray production cross sections and fluorescence yields for the elements with 71 ≤ Z ≤ 92 using 5.96 keV photons

Abstract Total M X-ray production (XRP) cross sections for ten elements in the atomic number region 71 ≤ Z ≤ 92 were measured at 5.96 keV incident photon energy. The average M shell fluorescence yields 〈 ω M 〉 have also been computed using the present measured cross section values and the theoretical M shell photoionisation cross sections. The results are compared with theoretical values.

Measurements of K to L shell vacancy transfer probability for the elements 37 ≤ Z ≤ 42

Abstract The probabilities for vacancy transfer from K shell to L shell, η kl , are deduced for six elements in the atomic region 37 ≤ Z ≤ 42 by measuring the L X-ray yields from targets excited by 5.96 and 22.6 keV incident photons, i.e. below and above the K edge of the elements and using the theoretical K shell and L shell photoionisation cross-sections. The measured results are found to be in good agreement with those based on relativistic Dirac Hartree Slater (RDHS) calculations and the available semi-empirical values. The theoretical η KL values for the elements with 18 ≤ Z ≤ 96 are least-squares fitted to the fifth-order polynomial in atomic number ( Z ).

Measurements of L to M shell vacancy transfer probabilities for the elements in the atomic region 70 ≤ Z ≤ 92

Abstract The probabilities for vacancy transfer from L to M shell, \ ghLM, are deduced for 15 elements in the atomic region 70 ≤ Z ≤ 92 by measuring the M X-ray yields from the targets excited by 5.96 and 22.6 keV incident photons, i.e. below and above the L-edge of the elements and using the theoretical L and M shell photoionisation cross-sections. These results are compared with the theoretical values based on the relativistic Dirac-Hartree-Slater (RDHS) and the nonrelativistic approximate Herman-Skillman (AHS) calculations. From the comparison, it is concluded that the onset of L1−L3M5 Coster-Kronig transition occurs at Z = 75 as predicted by the RDHS model based Coster-Kronig transition energy calculations.

Differential cross section measurements for the elastic scattering of 59.5 keV photons by elements in the atomic region 13 ≤ Z ≤ 82

Abstract The differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of 59.5 keV photons by nineteen elements in the atomic region 13 ≤ Z ≤ 82 at 130° have been measured and compared with those evaluated by using the form factor and S-matrix formalism. It is observed that for low Z elements, with K shell threshold below 59.5 keV, the measured scattering differential cross sections are in general agreement with the form factor approximations, whereas for high Z elements, a good agreement is observed with S-matrix calculations.

X-ray and gamma-ray intensity measurements in 131I, 166Ho, 198Au and 199Au decays

Abstract Relative intensities of X- and gamma rays emitted in the decays of 131 I, 166 Ho, 198 Au and 199 Au have been measured precisely using a set of five detectors: 96.0 cm 3 and 57.1 cm 3 coaxial HPGe detectors, a 28.27 mm 2 × 5.0 mm vertical planar HPGe detector and two 28.27 mm 2 × 5.5 mm Si(Li) detectors. The measured values of X-ray intensities are, in general, in good agreement with the theoretically calculated values. The intensities of different components of K and L X-rays in the above mentioned decays have been measured for the first time.

X-ray fluorescence in the assessment of inter-elemental interactions in rat liver following lead treatment

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique was employed to study the interactions of lead (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt) with K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br and Rb in rat liver. Lead was administered orally to rats daily for dosage periods of 1 and 4 months (short and long terms). Hepatic Fe levels were found to increase significantly with the supplementation of low and high doses of lead for both the treatment periods, although the increase was more pronounced following long-term treatment. The levels of hepatic K, Cu and Br were seen to decrease significantly over both time intervals. Moreover, hepatic Rb contents were lowered with the short-term supplementation of low doses of lead. In contrast, Rb and Zn levels were increased when lead was administered for the longer period at both dose levels.

Combined action of lead and lithium on essential and nonessential elements in rat blood.

The effects of lead and lithium ingestion, separately and in combination, on the levels of K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and As in rat blood were studied by the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique. Two different doses of lead acetate, i.e., 50 and 100 mg/Kg body wt (low and high doses), were administered orally to rats, daily, for 1 and 4 months (short and long terms), whereas lithium in the form of lithium carbonate was given to rats in food (1.1 g/kg diet) for 1 and 4 mo separately, and also to rats receiving lower and higher doses of lead. K levels were found to be depressed significantly with lead treatment, whereas Fe contents were enhanced marginally after 1 mo of treatment when only the higher dose of lead was given. As, Br, and Rb contents were found to be elevated following lead treatment for short and long terms at both the dose levels. However, Cu contents were lowered, whereas Zn contents were raised only after long term treatment with lead. The Fe, Cu, As, and Br contents remained unaltered, whereas K, Rb, and Zn contents were reduced significantly when lithium was administered for short term. Moreover, Cu and Fe levels were also found to be reduced and Br contents were enhanced only after long term treatment. During the combined treatment with lead and lithium for short and long terms, the levels of K, As, and Rb were observed to decrease, whereas Fe contents were enhanced when estimated for both doses of lead. On the contrary, Cu levels were lowered only with the higher dose of lead acetate when given in combination with lithium for 1 and 4 mo. Br contents were only effectively decreased after 4 mo of treatment.