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Featured researches published by B. Fischer.


Brain Research | 1975

Quantitative aspects of the shift-effect in cat retinal ganglion cells

B. Fischer; Ju¨rgen Kru¨ger; Wolfgang Droll

A sudden displacement of a pattern, even when far away from the classical border of a concentrically organized receptive field, elicits a transient excitatory response in on- and off-center retinal ganglion cells (shift-effect). Peak response and latency of the shift-effect have been studied under various stimulus conditions in on- and off-center ganglion cells. Increasing the retinal distance between the site of stimulation and receptive field yields responses of increasing latency corresponding to an intraretinal conduction velocity of about 0.35 m/sec. Beyond a distance of 20 degrees response amplitudes decrease steadily in on- and off-center neurons. Shift amplitude and contrast of the shifting grating have almost no influence above a threshold of 30 min of arc and 10-20% modulation respectively (all-or-none behavior). Shifts of decreasing velocity (600-10 degrees/sec) increase the latency. The response magnitude decreases only at very slow movements. Other properties of the shift-effect are briefly reported. Possible functional significances in relation to eye movements and brightness perception and the retinal pathway of the shift-effect are discussed.


Experimental Brain Research | 1979

Disparity tuning and binocularity of single neurons in cat visual cortex.

B. Fischer; J. Krüger

SummaryActivity from single neurons in the visual cortex of anaesthetized and paralyzed cats were recorded in response to monocular and binocular stimuli of different retinal disparities.Three different types of disparity sensitive neurons were found, characterized by (1) a response maximum near zero disparity, (2) a response minimum near zero disparity, and (3) an asymmetric disparity sensitivity.Usually, neurons of the first type receive about the same monocular input from the two eyes; the other disparity sensitive neurons respond better to monocular stimulation of one eye as compared to the other.The results closely resemble those obtained recently in the rhesus monkey.


Experimental Brain Research | 1970

Invarianzen in der Katzenretina: Gesetzmä\ige beziehungen zwischen Empfindlichkeit, Größe und Lage receptiver Felder von Ganglienzellen

B. Fischer; May Hu

Summary1.Sensitivity, size and position of receptive fields were correlated in a population of 171 on- and off-center units of the cat. Corresponding calculations and experiments were performed on a total of 225 cells to establish empirical bases for theoretical invariances.2.The diameter R of a certain receptive field is defined by the isosensitive line of the sensitivity 1/e of the central point. R is invariant with respect to changes of different stimulus parameters, i.e. the sensitivity distribution is a constant property of the ganglion cells receptive field.3.The luminance of the stimulus ranged from 0 to 103 asb; the diameter of the circular stimulus area varied between 10–130 min of arc. Background luminances extended from 5 · 10−5 to 5 asb.4.The sensitivity of the central area of receptive fields decreases with the fields diameter according to the formula 1/A · Is = const./R2. I.e.: small fields are more sensitive than large fields.5.On the average the threshold excitation S0 (the excitability integral at threshold) is the same for all ganglion cells. That is, at threshold the integral of luminance and sensitivity must exceed the constant value S0.6.The field diameter R increases linearly with the angular distance from the center of the visual field.7.The constant S0 is sufficient for a complete quantitative description of threshold in the cats retina; i.e. knowledge of one property of the field (threshold of central area, diameter or position) allows the complete calculation of the others and consequently of thresholds within the whole receptive field. An essential basis for quantitative determination of the retinal input to the higher centers of the visual system is thereby obtained.ZusammenfassungDie Erregungsschwellen von insgesamt 225 Ganglienzellen der Katzenretina wurden unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen gemessen und über das Erregbarkeitsintegral — einen linearen Summationsansatz — berechnet. Empfindlichkeit, Größe und retinale Lage wurden korrelliert und die theoretisch geforderten Invarianzen experimentell kontrolliert.1.Der Radius eines bestimmten receptiven Feldes, definiert durch den Abstand, bei dem die Empfindlichkeit auf den e-ten Teil ihres Mittelpunktswertes abgesunken ist, ist gegen Änderungen von Reizparametern invariant. Die Leuchtdichte der Reize wurde von 0–103 asb, die des Hintergrundes von 5 · 10−5–5 asb variiert. Die runden Reizflächen hatten Durchmesser zwischen 10 und 130 Bogenminuten. Die Felder wurden direkt durch Mappen mit kleinen Reizen und indirekt aus Flächen-Schwellen-Kurven als gleichgroß bestimmt. Dies bedeutet, daß die Empfindlichkeitsverteilung eine unveränderliche Eigenschaft der Ganglienzelle ist.2.Die Mittelpunktsempfindlichkeit eines receptiven Feldes vermindert sich mit dem Quadrat des Feldradius entsprechend E ∼ 1/R2. Kleine Felder haben ein empfindlicheres Zentrum als große Felder.3.Die Schwellenerregung S0 einer Ganglienzelle — d.i. die Gesamterregung, die das Neuron aus seinem receptiven Feld erhalten muß, um die Schwelle zu erreichen — ist im Mittel für alle Ganglienzellen der Katzenretina gleich groß.4.Der Feldradius R wächst etwa linear mit dem Winkel der retinalen Exzentrizität. Entsprechend vermindert sich die Empfindlichkeit im peripheren Gesichtsfeld umgekehrt proportional zum Quadrat des Gesichtswinkels. Aus den Ergebnissen 1–4 fassen wir zusammen: Die Konstante S0 genügt allein zu einer vollständigen quantitativen Beschreibung der Schwellenverhältnisse in der Katzenretina. Die Kenntnis einer einzigen Feldeigenschaft (Mittelpunktsschwelle oder Feldradius oder Gesichtsfeldlage) gestattet die vollständige Berechnung der anderen und der Schwellen in diesem receptiven Feld. Damit besitzen wir eine wesentliche Voraussetzung zur quantitativen Erfassung des retinalen Eingangs zu höheren Zentren des visuellen Systems.Damit wird am Beispiel der Retina gezeigt, daß Invarianten in Reiz-Reaktionsbeziehungen einzelner Neurone des sensorischen Nervensystems zu einer geschlossenen quantitativen Beschreibung von Zellpopulationen und damit zum Verständnis der funktioneilen Bedeutung dieser Zellen beitragen können.Wir danken Frl. G. Tietz für die Assistenz bei der Präparation der Tiere und Herrn Ing. H. Kapp für viele technische Hilfen.Die Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, vom Sonderforschungsbereich „Hirnforschung und Sinnesphysiologie” (SFB 70) und der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk unterstützt.


Experimental Brain Research | 1978

Interaction of receptive field responses and shift-effect in cat retinal and geniculate neurons

B. Fischer; R. Barth; C. E. Sternheim

Summary1.Spike activity of single optic tract fibres and lateral geniculate cells of the lightly anaesthetized immobilized cat were recorded in response to short, small (local) test flashes into the receptive field center before, during and after rapid displacements of a remote, large (global) pattern.2.The majority of retinal and geniculate neurons failed to produce algebraic summation of the excitatory shift-effect and an excitatory test response.3.For many cells outside lamina A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate body the test response was smaller than the control even though two excitatory responses were combined.4.The responses to displacements of a steady, local spot are weakly affected by simultaneous displacements of a global pattern if the local responses are strong; but if the latter are weak the global shift-effect dominates the response to a displacement of the total pattern.5.Saccadic suppression may be explained by retinal and geniculate neurons functioning in two modes of local or global responses, both of which cannot be transmitted properly at the same time.


Experimental Brain Research | 1973

Dependence of surround effects on receptive field center illumination in cat retinal ganglion cells.

J. Krüger; B. Fischer

Summary1.57 on- and off-center units in the cats optic tract were studied after 30 min of dark adaptation by stimulating the receptive field periphery with flashing annuli. 49 reacted with center-like responses, 4 did not respond and 4 offcenter cells showed weak antagonistic surround responses. 54 showed antagonistic surround responses when a steady adapting spot of suitably chosen luminance was directed on to the center of the fields.2.With equal stimulation of the surround the total flux of the steady center spot determined the condition of reversal from center to surround responses.3.Under the condition of reversal the on-going firing rate was also affected. Reversal of responses was also observed with short stimulus durations (≥ 50 msec).4.The recovery time from reversed responses to center-like responses was less than I min after darkening the center again.5.With increasing center spot luminance, the latency of the center-type excitatory responses from on- and off-center neurones remained approximately constant, whereas the latency of the surround excitatory response was decreased.6.Neuronal mechanisms are considered which give rise to excitatory responses in total darkness and inhibitory responses if neighbouring parts of the retina are light adapted. The equivalence of light adaptation and lateral inhibition as well as the effects of stray light are discussed.


Experimental Brain Research | 1972

Schwellenerregung, zeitliche summation und impulsreaktionsfunktion in der retina der katze: Temporale rezeptive felder retinaler ganglienzellen

B. Fischer; Krause D; May Hu

Summary1.The impulse-response function of the retina was estimated at the ganglion cell level by comparing the temporal summation curve with the corresponding time integral. With a test spot of 15′ in diameter and at a background luminance of 0.5 asb, an exponential function with different time constants was found to be a good approximation. All neurons followed Blochs law, Is · T = c, at short stimulus durations. With increasing stimulus durations, luminance threshold approached a constant.2.The time constant for each receptive field was taken from the corresponding threshold summation curve. The mean value for on-center fields was 75 ms and for off-center fields 126 ms. The D-system was less sensitive than the B-system.3.Short time constants were found primarily within a radius of 20° from the area centralis, whereas long time constants were obtained predominantly in the outer periphery.4.The sensitivity of receptive field centers at short stimulus durations is consistent with an invariant threshold excitation, defined by the dimensionless value of the excitability integral.5.Spatial and temporal summation are described by the concept of spatiotemporal receptive fields.Zusammenfassung1.Mit Hilfe der Schewellensummation für Reize wachsender Dauer und mit zwei zeitlich getrennten Reizen wurde die Impulsreaktionsfunktion retinaler Ganglienzellen gemessen. Bei einer Reizgröße von 15′ Durchmesser und einer Hintergrundsbeleuchtung von 0.5 asb ergibt eine Exponentialfunktion eine gute Über-einstimmung mit den Meßwerten. Alle Neurone folgten dem Bloch-Gesetz (Is · T = const.) für kurze Reize mit einem kontinuierlichen ×bergang zu einer konstanten Schwelle.2.Die einzelnen Zeitkonstanten wurden den jeweiligen Schwellensummations-kurven entnommen. Die mittlere Zeitkonstant beträgt 75 ms für On-Zentrum-Neurone und 126 ms für Off-Zentrum-Neurone. Das D-System der Off-Zentrum-Neurone ist gegenüber kurzen gegenüber langen Reizen unempfindlicher als das B-System der On-Zentrum-Neurone.3.Kurze und lange Zeitkonstanten wurden sowohl in der zentralen als such in der peripheren Retina gedunden, kurze jedoch häufiger bei großer Exzentizität.4.Die auf die Hintergrundsbeleuchtung begozene Zentrumsempfindlichkeit für kurze Reize ist vereinbar mit einer Schwellenerregung, die im Mittel für alle rezeptiven Felder als gleich groß angesehen werden kann.5.Das der äumlichen Summation analoge Zeitsummationsverhalten führt zu dem Konzept eines zeitlichen rezeptiven Feldes.


Experimental Brain Research | 1973

Strong periphery effect in cat retinal ganglion cells. Excitatory responses in ON- and OFF-center neurones to single grid displacements

J. Krüger; B. Fischer


Experimental Brain Research | 1974

The shift-effect in the cat's lateral geniculate neurons

B. Fischer; J. Keger


Experimental Brain Research | 1975

The shift-effect in retinal ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey.

J. Krüger; B. Fischer; R. Barth


Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | 1976

Mathematical principles in afferent visual neurons: Differentiation, integration and transient proportionality related to receptive fields and shift-effect

B. Fischer; J. Krüger

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J. Krüger

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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May Hu

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Krause D

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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R. Barth

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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J. Keger

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Ju¨rgen Kru¨ger

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Wolfgang Droll

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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