B.P.M. Creemers

School effectiveness and school improvement : Sustaining links

ABSTRACT Ideally, school effectiveness research and school improvement might have a relationship with a surplus value for both. In reality, this relationship is often troublesome. Some problems can be attributed to the intrinsic differences between effectiveness and improvement, such as different missions. However, an analysis of the current situation in effectiveness and improvement shows that there are many possibilities at all stages of research studies and improvement projects for a more fruitful relationship. In this article, stronger links between effectiveness and improvement are advocated. Such links can be achieved by better‐guided processes of application and reconstruction of knowledge during effectiveness research and improvement. These processes, illustrated by some successful projects which have started recently, are described under the heading of sustained interactivity.

The dynamics of educational effectiveness : a contribution to policy, practice and theory in contemporary schools

Part 1: The Background to Educational Effectiveness Research 1. Towards the Development of the Theoretical Framework of Educational Effectiveness Research 2. Essential Characteristics of Educational Effectiveness Research 3. The Comprehensive Model of Educational Effectiveness 4. Empirical Testing of the Comprehensive Model of Educational Effectiveness: Review of Research Part 2: A Dynamic Model of Educational Effectiveness 5. The Essential Features of The Dynamic Model 6. The Dynamic Model: Factors Operating at Student and Classroom Level 7. The Dynamic Model: Factors Operating at School and Context Level Part 3: Empirical Support for the Dynamic Model of Educational Effectiveness 8. Testing the Dynamic Model: A Study Investigating the Impact of Classroom-Level Factors on Student Achievement Gains 9. Testing The Dynamic Model: A Synthesis of Studies Investigating the Impact of School Factors on Student Achievement Part 4: Implications for Research, Policy and Practice 10. Implications for Research and Evaluation 11. Implications for Policy 12. Implications for the Improvement of Educational Practice

School level conditions affecting the effectiveness of instruction

ABSTRACT In this article, the current status of school level factors, as they appear in research reviews and in school effectiveness models is criticised both from a theoretical and from an empirical perspective. School level factors are often related to student achievement without taking into account the classroom level, where teaching and learning primarily take place. As a theoretical alternative, an overview of school level factors that enhance the quality of instruction, time for learning and opportunity to learn at the classroom level is provided. These factors are supposed to contribute to the explanation of differences in student achievement. Some empirical support for these ideas is found in educational research studies that have made use of three‐level analyses.

Critical analysis of the current approaches to modelling educational effectiveness: The importance of establishing a dynamic model

Researchers in the area of educational effectiveness should attempt to develop a new theoretical framework. A critical analysis of the current models of educational effectiveness research is provided and reveals that a dynamic model of effectiveness must: (a) be multilevel in nature, (b) be based on the assumption that the relation of some effectiveness factors with achievement may be curvilinear, (c) illustrate the dimensions upon which the measurement of each effectiveness factor should be based, and (d) define relations among the effectiveness factors. In principle, each factor that refers to the classroom, school, and system, can be measured by taking into account five dimensions: frequency, focus, stage, quality, and differentiation. Examples of measuring effectiveness factors operating at different levels using these 5 dimensions are given. More attention in describing in detail factors associated with teacher behaviour in the classroom is given, since this is seen as the starting point for the development and the testing of the dynamic model. Finally, suggestions for the next steps in the development of other parts of the model are provided.

Linking school effectiveness and school improvement: The background and outline of the project

School effectiveness and school improvement have different origins: School effectiveness is more directed to finding out “what works” in education and “why”; school improvement is practice and policy oriented and intended to change education in the desired direction. However, in their orientation to outcomes, input, processes, and context in education, they also have much in common. In the project Effective School Improvement (ESI), the merger of the 2 traditions has been pursued. In the theoretical part, different orientations have been analysed and combined in a model for effective school improvement. Based on this analysis, an evaluation framework was developed for the analysis of the case studies of school improvement projects in the participating countries. The theoretical model and the results of the analyses of the case studies were combined in a framework of effective school improvement.

Conceptualizing school effectiveness

The theoretical status of existing school effectiveness models is analyzed by using perspectives from organizational theory and models of classroom effectiveness. This leads to the formulation of a basic framework for conceptualizing school effectiveness that includes variables at the levels of the school, the context of the school and the classroom, while background variables of pupils are also taken into account. One of the conclusions is that hypothesis construction and empirical research on cross-level relationships within this basic framework are of central importance to enhance our understanding of school effectiveness.

World Class Schools. International Perspectives on School Effectiveness

Section One - World Class Schools: The International School Effectiveness Research Project (ISERP) Background, Design and Quatitative Findings 1. The Intellectual and Policy Context 2. The Methodological Strategy of ISERP 3. The Quantitative Data Section Two - World Class Schools: The Case Studies of More Effective and Less Effective Schools in Different Countries North America 4. The United States 5. Canada The Pacific Rim/Australia 6. Taiwan 7. Australia 8. Hong Kong Europe 9. The Netherlands 10. Norway 11. The Republic of Ireland 12. United Kingdom Section Three - Conclusions: Creating World Class Schools 13. Comparisons Across Country Case Studies 14. Creating World Class Schools: What Have We Learned?

Using a multidimensional approach to measure the impact of classroom-level factors upon student achievement: a study testing the validity of the dynamic model

The dynamic model does not only refer to different effectiveness factors and groupings of factors operating at different levels but also supports that each factor can be defined and measured using 5 dimensions: frequency, focus, stage, quality, and differentiation. The importance of taking each dimension into account is raised in this paper. Moreover, empirical support to the model and the use of this measurement framework is provided. Specifically, the paper refers to the methods and results of a study conducted in Cyprus which investigates the validity of the model at the classroom level by measuring teacher effectiveness in mathematics, language, and religious education. It is shown that the proposed measurement framework can be used to describe each classroom-level factor. The added value of using these 5 dimensions of the classroom-level factors to explain variation on student achievement is also identified. Finally, implications for the development of the dynamic model are drawn.

State of the art – teacher effectiveness and professional learning

One of the key findings from decades of educational effectiveness research is the importance of the classroom level as a predictor of pupil outcomes. In this review, we therefore look at synthesising our best evidence from research on effective teaching, and its corollary, teacher development. In the 1st section, we will look at key findings from 35 years of research on effective teaching using a process-product research that has led to the identification of a range of behaviours which are positively related to student achievement. A key limitation of this research, however, is its focus on basic skills in English and maths. Therefore, in the 2nd section we review research on “new learning” and teaching for metacognitive and thinking skills. While in these 2 sections we have discussed key findings from research on teaching, including emerging knowledge on metacognition, it is important to continue to take into account ongoing developments in theories of learning. In the 3rd section of this paper, we develop the argument that a major contributing factor to this situation is that “state-of-the-art” understandings about processes and conditions that promote student learning are typically not used to construct appropriate learning environments for their teachers.

A synthesis of studies searching for school factors: implications for theory and research

This paper reports the results of a meta-analysis in which the dynamic model of educational effectiveness is used as a framework to search for school factors associated with student achievement. The methods and results of a synthesis of 67 studies are presented. Findings reveal that effective schools are able to develop policies and take actions in order to improve their teaching practice and learning environment. Factors excluded from the dynamic model were found to be only weakly associated with outcomes. Implications for research on school effectiveness and for improvement of practice are drawn. It is illustrated that this approach of conducting meta-analysis helps us interpret the findings by providing support to the validity of the dynamic model and suggestions for its further development.