B. S. Fakinle

Air Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide From Gasoline and Diesel Consumption in the Southwestern States of Nigeria

The contribution of SO2 emissions from the consumption of petroleum products to Nigerian airshed has been of great concern over the years because of the resulting adverse environmental and health effects. It is in the light of this that air emissions of SO2 from gasoline and diesel consumed in the Southwestern States of Nigeria were estimated in this study. Lagos state being the highest consumer of gasoline and diesel in Southwestern Nigeria emitted the highest quantity.

Ambient noise from off-grid diesel engines electric power generators in an urban environment

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the impacts of the noise from the diesel engine power generators used for production activities in an urban environment. Design/methodology/approach – This study has used the Enterprise Edition of NoiseMap 2000 Version 2.7.1 to investigate the impacts of the noise from the diesel engines electric power generators used in a factory in Ikorodu, an urban environment in Lagos, Nigeria. Five sections of the factory with diesel engines electric power generators were considered. The immediate and distant environments covering about 10 km of the factory host environment were considered as receptors to the noise for this study. Findings – It was found out that when all the generators operate simultaneously in the factory, the ambient noise was 30.0-152.5 dB(A) with the minimum contribution within the factory being 70.0-84.4 dB(A) and the maximum contribution of 57.2-70.8 dB(A) outside the factory fence line. Though the maximum noise is 152.5 dB(A), the maximum nois...

Ground level concentration of some air pollutants from Nigeria thermal power plants

ABSTRACT Power sector in Nigeria is undergoing structural reforms aimed at improving and expanding the current generation capacity, using thermal power plants. Ground level concentrations of air pollutants emitted from natural gas-powered thermal power plants were estimated using the American Meteorological Society-Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD). The average 24-h ground level concentrations of CO, NO x , SO2, particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 31.88–72.79; 61.33–104; 0.61–3.91; 0.21–1.52; and 0.19–1.09 µg/m3, respectively. There is need for continuous monitoring of ground level concentration of pollutants around the thermal power plants to guarantee the safety of the environment in the host communities.

An Estimation of a trace gaseous emission factor from combustion of common fuelwood species in South-western Nigeria

ABSTRACT The current electricity shortage from Nigeria’s national grid and the scarcity of refined petroleum products including kerosene which is used for domestic purposes make the use of fuelwoods more dominant in the country; especially in the rural areas. Air emissions from open burning of pre-determined quantity of some common fuelwoods identified in regions were characterized for gaseous air pollutants using the E8500 combustion analyzer. The measured concentrations were used to calculate emission factors of the air pollutants. The emission factors for the gaseous emission from the fuelwoods were 181.84–6547.57 g/kg for CO, 44.07–2986.40 g/kg for HC, 2.24–267.36 g/kg for NOx while SO2 had 0.0–9.87 g/kg. This study establishes that Gliricidia sepium had the minimum emission factor for all the considered gaseous pollutants except for SO2, thus all stakeholders considering the adoption of fuelwood in the country’s quest for increased energy mix can be properly guided on the pollutants associated with the investigated fuelwoods. This may help in the choice of appropriate air pollution control.

Personal exposures to particulate matter in various modes of transport in Lagos city, Nigeria

Abstract Urban air pollution continues to be a major problem in Nigerian cities. Most studies of air pollution in Nigeria have concentrated on the background air quality and its effects on people outside vehicles. However, it has been suggested that in-vehicle pollution is often worse than pollution outside the vehicle. This study focuses on personal exposures to PM10 and PM2.5 in various modes of transportation in Lagos city. Six roadways which are representative of commercial, industrial, and residential areas of the city were selected. Measurements were made inside four major modes of transportation in the city: cars, buses, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and walking for PM10 and PM2.5. Measurements were done for each mode twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 12 days. The highest average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were measured for pedestrian (476.35 and 216.60 μg/m3, respectively) during rush hours. The result showed that pedestrians were found to be exposed to the highest average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, while commuters in cars, BRT and buses were exposed to respective decreasing concentrations of PM10. Similarly, commuters in BRT were exposed to the lowest concentrations of PM2.5 regardless of time of day. The results obtained were much higher than the results for London but comparable to Mexico city and Taiwan’s results. This study has provided information that can help commuters to choose appropriate travel behavior that can minimize their exposure to particulate matter.

Atmospheric Loadings of Lead From Refined Petroleum Products Consumption in Southwestern Nigeria

Deleterious impact of lead from the use of motor fuels is of major concern. Lead levels of gasoline and diesel samples from States in Southwestern Nigeria were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, according to the standard ASTM D3237-97 method. Lead concentrations ranged from 0.491–1.903 mg/L for gasoline and 2.301–10.97 mg/L for diesel. Estimated lead levels in gasoline were below the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Nigeria limit of 3.37 mg/l. Percentage lead contributions from gasoline and diesel fuel consumption were minimal due to various fuel lead-level regulations that have been established over the years.

Changes in evaporative emissions from gasoline in the Nigeria market

ABSTRACT The evaporative emissions from multicomponent fuel are expected to change significantly with the progress of evaporation. This study presents the findings of air emission associated with changes (increase) in evaporation process of gasoline. The parameters measured in the experiment included the weight loss, density, viscosity of gasoline, and the evaporation rate. Results showed that the parameters changed significantly as evaporation progressed. The weight loss was from 3.02% to 5.45% after 30 m and presented a logarithmic curve with time. The density measurements of the gasoline samples were 728.5–746.7 kg/m3. The evaporation rate which was 1.22 × 10−5–2.14 × 10−5 kg/s showed great increase with decrease in density and kinematic viscosity at ambient temperature with sample C (from Lagos) having the highest evaporation rate. The emission rate was observed to be inversely proportional to the sample density. Most of the changes might be attributed to the air emission of volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) from gasoline surface to the environment.

Emissions from petroleum products consumption in north-central region of Nigeria

ABSTRACT Gasoline and diesel combustion emits particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen that have been a major source of pollution in the north-central region of Nigeria. These have led to adverse effect both on individuals and on the environment at large. The emission rate from the petroleum product combustion was investigated using the emission factor approach. From result of the investigated air emissions, it was observed that Abuja the federal capital of Nigeria being the highest consumer of the product had the highest emission rate.

Impacts of trace gaseous emission from fuelwood species on ground level air quality

ABSTRACT Nigeria’s energy supply in the form of electricity has been erratic and unreliable in recent time that people now depend on their own power generation in order to meet demands. Thus majority of the populace have to depend on traditional fuelwood for cooking without knowing the impacts of air emissions from it. This study estimated the ground-level concentrations of the air pollutants emitted from the fuelwoods using the American Meteorological Society-Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD). The maximum 24 h averaging ground-level concentrations were 6.378–87.319, 1.546–75.164, 0.079–2.759, and 0–0.164 µg/m3, respectively for CO, HC, NO, and SO2. With this all stakeholders will be properly guided on the usage of fuelwood with minimal negative impact.

Particulate matter pollution from open burning of sawdust in Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract The study investigated the annual atmospheric loadings of particulate matter (PM) from open burning of sawdust in southwestern Nigeria using emission factor approach. The estimated annual atmospheric loading of PM from the states ranged between 1.18–8.29 ton/annum while 23.4 ton/annum was obtained for the entire southwestern Nigeria. The maximum per capita and land distribution of the emission were estimated to be 0.844 g/capita and 304.592 g/km2 and these were from Ondo and Lagos States, respectively. The dominant elemental emissions were potassium and sodium with annual atmospheric loadings of 10.4 ton/annum and 10.1 ton/annum, respectively. Heavy metals such as lead and mercury were present in small quantities. Given the possible impacts of the PM emissions on public health, the study suggested waste to energy as an option that could be explored in the region in order to achieve a win–win situation that addresses the solid waste problems and at the same time improving the regions energy mix.