B.W. Righolt

Dynamics of an oscillating turbulent jet in a confined cavity

We demonstrate how the self-sustained oscillation of a confined jet in a thin cavity can be quantitatively described by a zero-dimensional model of the delay differential equation type with two a priori predicted model constants. This model describes the three phases in self-sustained oscillations: (i) pressure driven growth of the oscillation, (ii) amplitude limitation by geometry, and (iii) delayed destruction of the recirculation zone. The two parameters of the model are the growth rate of the jet angle by a pressure imbalance and the delay time for the destruction of this pressure imbalance. We present closed relations for both model constants as a function of the jet Reynolds number Re, the inlet velocity vin , the cavity width W, and the cavity width over inlet diameter W/d and we demonstrate that these model constants do not depend on other geometric ratios. The model and the obtained model constants have been successfully validated against three dimensional large eddy simulations, and planar particle image velocimetry measurements, for 1600 < Re ? 7100 and 20 ? W/d < 50. The presented model inherently contains the transition to a non-oscillating mode for decreasing Reynolds numbers or increasing W/d-ratios and allows for the quantitative prediction of the corresponding critical Reynolds number and critical W/d.

Effects of electromagnetic forcing on self-sustained jet oscillations

The influence of electromagnetic forcing on self-sustained oscillations of a jet issuing from a submerged nozzle into a thin vertical cavity (width W much larger than thickness T) has been studied using particle image velocimetry. A permanent Lorentz force is produced by applying an electrical current across the width of the cavity in conjunction with a magnetic field from three permanent magnets across its thickness. As a working fluid a saline solution is used. The magnetic field is in the north-south-north configuration, such that the Lorentz force can be applied in an up-down-up configuration or in a down-up-down configuration by switching the direction of the electrical current. A critical Stuart number N c was found. For N N c and an oscillation enhancing up-down-up configuration of the Lorentz force, St grows with N as St ?N??? . In contrast, for N > N c and an oscillation suppressing down-up-down configuration of the Lorentz force, all jet oscillations are suppressed.

Marangoni driven turbulence in high energy surface melting processes

Experimental observations of high-energy surface melting processes, such as laser welding, have revealed unsteady, often violent, motion of the free surface of the melt pool. Surprisingly, no similar observations have been reported in numerical simulation studies of such flows. Moreover, the published simulation results fail to predict the post-solidification pool shape without adapting non-physical values for input parameters, suggesting the neglect of significant physics in the models employed. The experimentally observed violent flow surface instabilities, scaling analyses for the occurrence of turbulence in Marangoni driven flows, and the fact that in simulations transport coefficients generally have to be increased by an order of magnitude to match experimentally observed pool shapes, suggest the common assumption of laminar flow in the pool may not hold, and that the flow is actually turbulent. Here, we use direct numerical simulations (DNS) to investigate the role of turbulence in laser melting of a steel alloy with surface active elements. Our results reveal the presence of two competing vortices driven by thermocapillary forces towards a local surface tension maximum. The jet away from this location at the free surface, separating the two vortices, is found to be unstable and highly oscillatory, indeed leading to turbulence-like flow in the pool. The resulting additional heat transport, however, is insufficient to account for the observed differences in pool shapes between experiment and simulations.

EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A CONTINUOUS CASTING MOULD MODEL

Temperature distributions in a thin continuous casting mould model have been studied experimentally, using water as a working fluid. The mould model consists of two narrow walls and two broad walls. One of the broad walls of the mould model was cooled with cooling water of a fixed temperature. Inflow of two turbulent jets with a constant high temperature was from a bifurcated nozzle, submerged to a depth of 0.1 m below the air/water interface. The temperature drop over the mould was measured as a function of the temperature difference between the liquid flowing into the mould and the cooling water temperature. From these measurements the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer coefficient due to convection in the mould were calculated.