B. Wynn

Why Women Don't Report Sexual Assault to the Police: The Influence of Psychosocial Variables and Traumatic Injury

The purpose of this study was to identify the variables that acutely influence reporting practices in female sexual assault victims presenting to an urban clinic or Emergency Department. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of consecutive female victims during an 18-month study period. Patient demographics, assault characteristics, and injury patterns were recorded in all eligible patients using a standardized classification system. At the completion of the forensic examination, victims were asked to complete a psychosocial questionnaire designed to determine specific reasons why women reported or did not report their sexual assault to police. During the study period, 424 women were eligible to participate in the study; 318 (75%) reported the sexual assault to police. One hundred six (25%) did not file a police report, but consented to a medical-legal examination. Women not reporting sexual assault were typically employed, had a history of recent alcohol or drug use, a known assailant, and prolonged time intervals between the assault and forensic evaluation (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the extent of non-genital injuries or anogenital injuries between the two groups. Thirty-six percent (152/424) of the eligible population agreed to complete the questionnaire. Only three of the 20 psychosocial variables examined were found to be significantly different in women not reporting sexual assault compared to reporters. The reasons for not reporting were primarily environmental factors (prior relationship with assailant) rather than internal psychological barriers (shame, anxiety, fear).

Effect of temperature and pH adjustment of bupivacaine for intradermal anesthesia

To determine the effects of warming and buffering of 0.5% bupivacaine on the pain associated with intradermal injection and the time of onset of anesthesia, 40 adult volunteers were entered into a randomized, double-blind study conducted at a community teaching hospital. The three-part study compared room temperature (20 degrees) bupivacaine buffered to a pH of 7.1 with the following solutions: buffered bupivacaine warmed to 37 degrees C, unbuffered bupivacaine at room temperature, and unbuffered bupivacaine warmed to 37 degrees C. The same crossover protocol was followed for each part of the study. Subjects received 0.5-mL intradermal injections through 27-gauge needles over 30 seconds, one study solution in each forearm. Immediately after each injection, pain was assessed using a 100-mm visual analog pain scale. The time of onset of anesthesia (loss of intradermal sensation to pinprick) was measured by stopwatch. The mean perceived pain score for the warm buffered bupivacaine (51 mm) was significantly lower than for the room temperature buffered solution (63 mm, P = .003). Similarly, there was a statistical difference between the room temperature buffered and unbuffered solutions (65 v 78 mm, P < .001). The differences in mean pain scores for the room temperature buffered bupivacaine, compared with the other three solutions, suggest that warming and buffering have an additive effect. In this model, the latency of action of bupivacaine was not affected by alkalinization. However, warming bupivacaine to 37 degrees C reduced the time of onset to intradermal anesthesia by 12.1 seconds (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 23.6). These results suggest that warming is more effective than buffering to reduce the pain of infiltration of bupivacaine and the time of onset of intradermal anesthesia.

Sexual assault in postmenopausal women: epidemiology and patterns of genital injury

STUDY OBJECTIVE Physical abuse of older women, including reports of sexual assault, has risen rapidly for the last decade. The purpose of this study was to compare a group of postmenopausal victims of sexual assault with younger adult women (18-39 years old) by examining patient demographics, assault characteristics, and patterns of physical injury. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis to assess epidemiology and anogenital injuries in consecutive female victims presenting to sexual assault clinics and/or emergency departments within 3 counties of Western Michigan. All patients were examined by forensic nurses trained to perform medicolegal evaluations using colposcopy with nuclear staining. Patient demographics, assault characteristics, and injury patterns were recorded using a standardized classification system. Data from 2 patient groups (women aged 18-39 years vs postmenopausal women >or=50 years) were compared using chi(2) and t tests. RESULTS During the 5-year study period, 1917 adult sexual assault victims met the inclusion criteria and comprised the study population as follows: 84% of the victims were 18 to 39 years old, and 4% were postmenopausal women at least 50 years old. The 72 postmenopausal victims were more likely to be assaulted by a single assailant, typically a stranger (56% vs 32%, P = .008), in their own home (74% vs 46%, P < .001) and experienced more physical coercion (72% vs 36%, P < .001). In comparison, the younger control group was more likely to have used alcohol or illicit drugs before the assault (53% vs 18%, P < .001) and have a history of sexual assault (51% vs 15%, P < .001). Postmenopausal victims had a greater mean number of nongenital (2.3 vs 1.2, P < .001) as well as anogenital injuries (2.5 vs 1.8, P < .001). The localized pattern and type of physical injuries were similar in both groups, although postmenopausal women tended to have more anogenital lacerations and abrasions. CONCLUSION The postmenopausal woman is not immune from sexual assault. The epidemiology of sexual trauma in this age group is uniquely different when compared to younger women, which may be useful in planning intervention and prevention strategies.

Assailants' sexual dysfunction during rape: prevalence and relationship to genital trauma in female victims.

BACKGROUND Partial or complete failure to maintain an erection sufficient for coitus is known to occur in a proportion of sexual assailants during the rape episode. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of coercion, physical violence, and genital injury associated with sexual assaults is influenced by the assailants erectile impotence. METHODS This prospective, observational study evaluated consecutive female patients presenting to a free-standing urban sexual assault clinic during a 3-year study period. Sexual assault victims presenting directly to four downtown emergency departments (EDs) are routinely referred to the clinic for evaluation after triage and initial assessment. The clinic is associated with a university-affiliated emergency medicine residency program and is staffed by forensic nurses trained to perform medical-legal examinations. The primary outcome was to compare the frequency of anogenital findings documented in women whose assailant experienced no erectile dysfunction vs. those victims who reported erectile impotence in the assailant. RESULTS During the study period, 569 sexual assault victims were eligible to participate in the study; 47 (8.3%) reported that their assailants had experienced erectile impotence. Except for assailant age, the two victim groups were comparable in terms of marital status, alcohol and drug use, known assailant, and time to physical examination. In attacks where erectile dysfunction occurred, there was a higher incidence of physical coercion (60% vs. 32% without physical coercion, p < 0.001) and subsequent non-genital trauma (72% vs. 46%, respectively, p < 0.001). Thirty-two women (68%) had documented anogenital trauma despite the assailant having erectile dysfunction. There was no significant difference in the overall pattern of anogenital injury between the two groups (chi(2) = 9.1, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION Erectile impotence occurred in up to 8% of sexual assailants during the rape episode. Despite this erectile dysfunction, the majority of sexual assault victims sustained anogenital trauma. In the attacks with erectile impotence, there was a higher incidence of intra-rape violence and subsequent non-genital injuries.

Adolescent Foley Catheter Technique for Visualizing Hymenal Injuries in Adolescent Sexual Assault

OBJECTIVES To determine the usefulness of the Foley catheter balloon technique for visualizing injuries of the estrogenized hymen in adolescent sexual assault victims compared with supine labial traction. METHODS A prospective clinical trial of 20 adolescent (age 13-16 years old) victims of sexual assault evaluated at a free-standing Nurse Examiner Clinic was conducted over a four-month study period. The clinic, affiliated with an emergency medicine residency program, is staffed by registered nurses who have been specially trained to perform medicolegal examinations using colposcopy with digital imaging. The Foley catheter technique uses an inflated balloon in the distal vaginal vault to expand the estrogenized hymen to its full capacity so that the edge may be readily visualized for signs of trauma. The Foley technique was compared with gross inspection, using supine labial traction, to photodocument hymenal abnormalities. Photographs of the hymen were obtained using the labial traction technique and then with the Foley technique. Three emergency physicians independently examined each pair of photographs with high interrater agreement for the presence of injury (kappa = 0.88). RESULTS Twenty adolescent sexual assault victims volunteered for the study; mean age was 14.8 years. Gross inspection of the hymen using supine labial traction identified hymenal injuries in three patients (15%). Use of the Foley catheter balloon technique allowed identification of hymenal abnormalities in nine additional cases (60%). The common injuries to the hymen included lacerations (30%), followed by ecchymosis and abrasions. One patient (5%) voiced discomfort (mild pressure sensation) during inflation of the balloon. CONCLUSIONS The Foley catheter balloon technique is a simple method allowing improved photodocumentation of hymenal trauma in adolescent sexual assault victims compared with supine labial traction.