Bahaa K.A. Abdel-Salam

Camel milk peptide improves wound healing in diabetic rats by orchestrating the redox status and immune response

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus alters oxidative stability and immune response. Here, we investigated the impact of a peptide extracted from camel milk (CMP) on the oxidative status, transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and inflammatory cytokine in diabetic wounds.MethodsRats were assigned into three groups: control, diabetic induced (DM) and diabetic induced with multiple doses of CMP for a week (DM-CMP).ResultsDM showed a sharp decline in the activity of major antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) compared to the control. The DM-CMP group, however, showed a noticeable replenishment in the activity of these enzymes compared to the DM group. The CMP-treated group also showed a normal level of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) compared to the DM rats. Furthermore, ELISA analysis of serum TNF-α protein showed an elevated level in diabetic rats in comparison to control serum. However, RT-PCR analysis of locally wounded skin tissues revealed that diabetes down-regulates the RNA expression of both TNF-α and MIF genes in comparison to the control samples but that CMP was found to restore RNA expression significantly. Although it was elevated in CMP-treated rats after one day of wound incision, the NF-kB protein level was significantly decreased seven days after the incision in comparison to the animals in the diabetic group.ConclusionCMP, therefore, can be seen an effective antioxidant and immune stimulant that induces oxidative stability and speeds up wound healing in diabetic model animals, making it a potential adjuvant in improving wound healing in those with diabetic conditions.

Beneficial effect of garlic on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute hepatic failure in male albino rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine cascade, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-4, is considered to play an important role in severe liver injury. Kupffer cells, resident macrophages of the liver, activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release pro-inflammatory cytokine. D-Galactosamine (D-GalN), a hepatocyte-specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, is known to sensitise animals to the lethal effects of LPS. In the present study we seek to reverse some altered parameters, immunological and histopathological, to normal values of rats pre-treated with garlic. METHODS Acute hepatic failure was induced in male albino rats by the intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg D-GalN and 50 μg LPS/kg body weight. Expression levels of TNF-α and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. Leukocytes proliferation was carried out by differential count. For histopathology, liver sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Data were analysed by SPSS program version 13.0. RESULTS The data showed significant increase in the numbers of granulocytes, but with significant decreases in lymphocyte and monocytes proliferation and the TNF-alpha and IL-4 levels in D-GalN/LPS-induced group. Garlic pre-treatment of liver-injured rats induced significant amelioration in the numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes, with significant increase in granulocytes numbers, TNF-α level and IL-4 level. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study revealed that garlic could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of D-GalN/LPS-induced hepatocellular injury.

T-cell proliferation by surface molecules expression on polymorphonuclear neutrophils stimulated with IL-4 in superantigen presence

BACKGROUND Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were originally described as short lived and terminally differentiated phagocytes that contribute only to the innate immune response. Some studies of PMNs cytokine production and expression of numerous cell surface proteins has suggested that PMNs are likely to influence adaptive responses and may satisfy the criteria of antigen presenting cells. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to study the effect of IL-4 in the function of PMNs as antigen presenting cells. METHODS Flow cytometry was used in the present study for the detection of cell surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II, CD80 and CD86 required for antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin (A). Human peripheral blood neutrophils were used for this purpose. RESULTS This study has shown that IL-4 stimulated PMNs for 24h expressed HLA class II, CD80 and CD86 that involved in antigen presentation. It also indicated that co-cultivation of IL-4 stimulated PMNs with autologous T-cells and in the presence of S. aureus enterotoxin (A) induced T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS In vitro stimulation of PMNs with IL-4 showed expression of surface molecules involved in antigen presentation. In addition, the co-culture of T-Cells and stimulated PMNs showed high T-Cells proliferation in the presence of superantigens.

Expression of CD11b and CD18 on polymorphonuclear neutrophils stimulated with interleukin-2.

Background Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphocyte-activating and growth-promoting factor, and has been widely studied on T-cells and NK-cells. However, the interaction of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) with IL-2 is poorly studied and thus, this study aimed at defining IL-2 participation in the expression of CD11b and CD18 on PMNs. Material and methods PMNs were isolated from heparinized whole blood of healthy donors. Purified cells were incubated with IL-2 (10 ng/ml) for 24 hours at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. After 24 hours’ incubation, surface molecules (CD11b and CD18) were measured by flow cytometry. Results Interestingly, the antibodies of IL-2Rβ chain (CD122-FITC) were found in all observed cells. The induction of CD11b mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in highly purified PMNs stimulated with IL-2 was clearly increased recording 43% in comparison to the freshly isolated PMNs and the un-stimulated PMNs which were found to be 23% and 28% of CD11b, respectively. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the highly purified PMNs exposed to IL-2 showed an increase in CD18 MFI, recording 47% with respect to that of the freshly isolated PMNs and PMNs cultured with the medium alone which showed a small amount of 38% and 27%, respectively. Conclusions Results demonstrated that CD11b and CD18 had been acquired on the surface of the IL-2-in vitro-activated PMNs. These findings indicated that IL-2 may play a crucial role in PMNs migration.

Effect of different diets on Tyrophagus putrescentiae population and amelioration of their immunological disorder by garlic.

BACKGROUND The storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, detected in the samples collected from stored products and house dust, is one of the major causes of allergic disorders. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to ameliorate the T. putrescentiae faeces allergic immunological disorder by garlic. METHODS Albino experimental rats were classified into control, inhaled and treated groups. Mass rearing of T. putrescentiae on different diets, and ELISA of some cytokines and IgE techniques were used. RESULTS The results obtained showed the highest population of T. putrescentiae reared in four from thirteen tested diets. In addition, significantly higher serum levels of INF-γ and IgE were found in rats treated with faeces than the other groups; especially the garlic-treated group. In contrast, IL-4 was lower in faeces-treated rats than the others; however, the control group had the highest level of IL-4. Statistical analysis of data showed a significant difference between the garlic-treated group and either control or faeces-treated groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The population of T. putrescentiae mites peaked in four from thirteen tested diets. The immunological disorder caused by repeated exposure to T. putrescentiae faeces might be modulated by garlic.

Seasonal population of Acarus siro mites and effects of their faeces on allergenic immunological disorder modulated by garlic in albino rat

BACKGROUND Mites are the main factor involved in respiratory disorder. Acarus siro is the most allergenic species of mite detected in the samples collected from flour mills. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to ameliorate the A. siro faeces allergenic disorder by garlic extract. METHODS Albino experimental rats were classified into three groups (native, inhaled and treated). Mites extract, ELISA and leukocytes differential counts techniques were used. RESULTS The data obtained showed that the highest densities of A. siro in the samples collected from flour mills in El-Minia governorate during the period of February 2009 to January 2010 were recorded during the spring and autumn seasons. In addition, significantly higher serum levels of INF-γ and IgE were found in rats treated with faeces than the other groups, especially the garlic-treated group. In contrast, IL-4 was lower in faeces-treated rats than the others; however, the native group had the highest level of IL-4. The leukocytes differential count showed that eosinophil and basophil percentages in faeces-inhaled group are higher than both the native group and the garlic-treated group. Statistical analysis of data showed significant difference between garlic-treated group and either control or faeces-treated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The population of A. siro mites peaked in spring and autumn. The immunological disorder caused by repeated exposure to A. siro faeces might be modulated by garlic.

Whey Protein Regulates of Some Surface Molecules Expressed on Monocytes: Significance for Amelioration of Some Diabetes Disorders

Objective: Whey protein (WP) is an extract of a camel milk protein that could be played an important role in diabetic wounds. Diabetes mellitus has decreased wound healing due to their effects in leukocyte adhesion molecules, CD11b and CD18, and antigen presenting co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86). This work is aimed to evaluate the role of WP in the regulation of the CD11b, CD18, CD80 and CD86 appearance on monocytes. Methods: In whole blood monocytes of control, diabetic and WP-treated diabetes rats were experienced for some surface molecules using ant-CD11b-FITC, ant-CD18-PE, ant-CD80-FITC and ant-CD18-PE for flow cytometry. Results: Expression of CD11b, CD80 and CD86 on monocytes was increased significantly in diabetic animals after five weeks in association to the control subjects and the WP-treated diabetic animals (P<0.01). In contrast, the CD18 expression by monocytes of WP-treated diabetic group was improved significantly in relationship to diabetic group which was minor than the control animals (P<0.01). Conclusions: The presented results showed that WP could be involved in down-regulation of the countenance of CD11b, CD80 and CD86, and the CD18 up-regulation on monocytes of diabetic animals. The significant finding of the investigation is the amelioration of some diabetes disorders. This study adds to the responsibility of monocytes in diabetes.

Amelioration of some immunological disorders caused by the faeces of the dominant true house dust mites in El-Minia Governorate, Egypt

BACKGROUND House dust mites (HDMs) faeces are the main factor involved in respiratory disorder. The true HDMs, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae, detected in the samples collected from the house dust are the most important causes of allergic disorders such as asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to study the curcuma and karkade amelioration of the allergenic immunological disorder, especially some cytokines, IgE and ROS, caused by the faeces of the dominant true HDM, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae in valley and desert houses in EL-Minia Governorate, respectively. METHODS HDM cultures, faeces isolation, plant extraction and ELISA techniques were used. Male albino rats were classified into control, inhaled, and treated groups. RESULTS The present immunological study on the dominant allergenic true HDMs, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, revealed that significantly higher serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-13 and IgE were found in rats treated with both D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae faeces than the other groups. In addition, statistical analysis of ROS data showed significant difference between the curcuma- and karkade-treated groups and either the control or the faeces-treated groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Some immunological disturbances caused by repeated exposure to the faeces of two dominant allergenic true HDM species (D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae) in the valley and desert houses could be ameliorated by curcuma and karkade.