Bambang Sumiarto

Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia

Rabies is a major fatal zoonotic disease in Indonesia. This study was conducted to determine the recent dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in various areas and animal species throughout Indonesia. A total of 27 brain samples collected from rabid animals of various species in Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and Flores in 2008 to 2010 were investigated. The cDNA of the nucleoprotein gene from each sample was generated and amplified by one-step reverse transcription-PCR, after which the products were sequenced and analyzed. The symmetric substitution model of a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection extension of the discrete phylogeographic model of the social network was applied in BEAST ver. 1.7.5 software. The spatial dispersal was visualized in Cartographica using Spatial Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Evolutionary Dynamics. We demonstrated inter-island introduction and reintroduction, and dog was found to be the only source of infection of other animals. Ancestors of Indonesian RABVs originated in Java and its descendants were transmitted to Kalimantan, then further to Sumatra, Flores, and Bali. The Flores descendent was subsequently transmitted to Sulawesi and back to Kalimantan. The viruses found in various animal species were transmitted by the dog.

Potential risk of viral transmission from flying foxes to domestic animals and humans on the southern coast of West Java, Indonesia

Flying foxes have been considered to be involved in the transmission of serious infectious diseases to humans. Using questionnaires, we aimed to determine the direct and/or indirect contacts of flying foxes in an Indonesian nature conservation area with domestic animals and humans living in the surrounding area. We surveyed 150 residents of 10 villages in West Java. Villages were classified into 3 groups: inside and/or within 1 km from the outer border of the conservation area and 1–5 km or 5–10 km away from the reserve’s outer border. Data were collected by direct interview using a structured questionnaire consisting of the respondent characteristics (age, sex and occupation); histories of contacts between flying foxes and humans, dogs and other domestic animals; and knowledge about infectious diseases, mainly rabies, in flying foxes. We found that flying foxes from the nature conservation area often enter residential areas at night to look for food, especially during the fruit season. In these residential areas, flying foxes had direct contacts with humans and a few contacts with domestic animals, especially dogs. People who encounter flying foxes seldom used personal protective equipment, such as leather gloves, goggles and caps. The residents living around the conservation area mostly had poor knowledge about flying foxes and disease transmission. This situation shows that the population in this region is at a quite high risk for contracting infectious diseases from flying foxes.

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON CAPRINE SARCOPTIC SCABIES IN THE DISTRIC OF Kl LONPROGO

A cross-sectional study of scabies was performed on 2615 goats from 492 small holder farmers, covered aC subdistricts and 40 out of 88 vfllages in Kulanprogo district, Yogyakarta Province. The Objectives of this study is to investigate (a) factors associated with the prevalence of the disease in goat, and (b) the prevalence uf thedisease among goat population in the district A combination of a three stage and duster sampling procedures was used to select the goat. An animal was considered as suffering from scabies if it showed cuaical sign of scabies and positive laboratory finding of Sarcoptes scabieL The mportant findings of this study include significant association between sarcoptic scabies in the farm and cleanliness of the barn, animal density, new mcoming animal, new annual from outside of the village, intensive barn, separation of younger animal, between barn distance and closed barn. Other factos, Le. altitude, formers formal education and experience of goat raising are not significantly associated with the disease. In the animal level, new incoming animal, clinical signs, previous infestation and age are found to be associated with the occurrence of the disease. No significant association is found between the occurrence of sarcoptic scabies and sex and breed. The prevalence of the disease is found o be 93% (467492) and 73% (205/2615) for farm and animal level, i respectively.

Isolasi and Identification of Bacteria from the Urine Fluid Organic Fertilizer (POC)Ettawa Crossbred (PE) in The Sleman Regency

Urine is a by product from Ettawa crossbred (PE) goat farm in Sleman regency. In addition, the manure urine goats can be used for fluid organic fertilizer (POC). Recently, organic farming is more interesting for people because it does not use any chemical fertilizers. Salmonella sp and E. coli O157:H7 are pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate agricultural products and dangerous for public health. One of sources of contamination in agricultural products is due to the organic fertilizer. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine pathogenic bacteria from POC urine PE goats in Sleman regency. A total of 8 POC samples were collected from PE goat urine in Sleman regency. These samples were analyzed for Salmonella sp , E. coli O157:H7 and other pathogenic bacteria by using biochemical reactions. All samples are negative for Salmonella sp. and E. coli O157:H7 as well. Whereas, 85% of 8 samples are positive for Pseudomonas sp . The present study showed that POC from PE goats farm in Sleman regency are negative for pathogenic bacteria.

STATUS VAKSINASI RABIES PADA ANJING DI KOTA MAKASSAR RABIES VACCINATION STATUS OF DOGS IN MAKASSAR

Telah dilakukan suatu analisis cakupan vaksinasi rabies pada anjing di kota Makassar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui cakupan vaksinasi anjing bertuan, serta asosiasi antara status vaksinasi dan faktorfaktor manajemen pemeliharaan anjing. Sebanyak 246 sampel anjing dipilih untuk mengetahui status vaksinasi rabies. Analisis status vaksinasi dan faktor pemeliharaan anjing dilakukan secara deskriptif. Uji Chi square (c2) dan odds ratio (OR) digunakan mengetahui asosiasi antara faktor-faktor yang diteliti dan status vaksinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cakupan vaksinasi pada anjing bertuan di kota Makassar sangat rendah (21 %). Rendahnya cakupan vaksinasi tersebut diperkirakan berhubungan dengan cara pemeliharaan (P=0,002; OR=4,3), tujuan pemeliharaan (P=0,009; OR=2,3), pengetahuan pemilik tentang rabies (P=0,001; OR=3,0), penghasilan di atas Rp 2.000.000,00 (p=0,000; OR=5,0), dan lokasi pemeliharaan urban area (P=O,OOOI; OR=4, 1). Kata kunci: Cakupanvaksinasi, rabies, faktor risiko

Kajian Kasus-kontrol Avian Influenza Pada Unggas di Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta= A Case-control Study on Avian Influenza in Poultry in East Java, Central Java and Yogyakarta Special Province.

Kajian kasus-kontrol yang dirancang untuk menyidik kejadian avian influenza (Al) dan mencari hubungannya dengan faktor resiko penyakit, telah dilakukan terhadap 218 dusun di Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Sebagai kasus (109 dusun) adalah dusun yang pernah dilaporkan atau sedang mengalami kasus AI, dan kontrol (109 dusun), adalah dusun yang dilaporkan belum pernah mengalami, tetapi dekat dengan dusun kasus. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjaring variabel yang diperkirakan berasosiasi dengan kejadian AI. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Chi Square (x2) dan odds ratio (OR). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa faktor adanya hewan pengerat (OR = 1,90), faktor adanya burung liar (OR = 24,00), faktor pekerja pulang sehabis kerja (OR = 2,65), dan faktor sektor III (OR = 1,79) mempunyai asosiasi karat dengan kejadian AI di suatu dusun, sedangkan beberapa faktor biosekuriti berasosiasi lemah (OR = 1,0 – 1,5) terhadap kejadian Al.