Bao Sun

Integrated Optical Electric Field Sensor From 10 kHz to 18 GHz

A lithium niobate (LiNbO3 )-based integrated optical sensor with Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide interferometer and tapered antenna array was designed and fabricated for electric field detection. Experimental results reveal that this sensor has a frequency response deviation less than ±10 dB within the range of 10 kHz to 18 GHz, and its minimum detectable electric field intensity is 0.4 V/m. Moreover, a pulsed electric field with nanoseconds width and electric field intensity of 103 V/m have been detected by this sensor.

A Novel Bias Angle Control System for

A novel bias angle control technique to improve the performances of lithium niobate photonic E-field sensor while not disturbing the measured electric field has been demonstrated. Using this technique, bias locking at linear position along the transfer function is achieved with better than 2.2° accuracy. In addition, this bias control technique has been proven to be robust and simple to implement in field applications.

{\rm LiNbO}_{3}

A lithium niobate (LiNbO3)-based integrated optical E-field sensor utilizing Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide interferometer and bow-tie antenna has been designed and fabricated for the detection of nanosecond intense pulsed electric field. Experimental data demonstrate that the average rise time, fall time, and pulsewidth of the input/output electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are 1.31/1.28, 3.63/3.61, and 34.19/34.25 ns, respectively. Correspondingly, the relative errors are 2.3%, 0.6%, and 0.2%, respectively. In addition, the input/output of the sensor system shows a linear relationship as the correlation coefficient between measured and fitting is 0.9991. The minimum and maximum measured EMP fields are approximately equal to 3 and 50 kV/m, respectively.

Photonic Sensor Using Wavelength Tuning

A 3D lithium niobate integrated electro-optical electric field (E-field) sensor utilizing three optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers has been designed, fabricated, and characterized for the measurement of lightning electromagnetic impulse (EMP). The linear detected E-fields with the sensor are 15-370 kV/m. Experimental results demonstrate that the half wave E-fields of the 3D probe are all more than 4000 kV/m which means the maximal detectable E-field can be exceed 1000 kV/m. Based on the time domain response for applying the nanosecond EMP, the frequency response of the sensor has been calculated up to 500 MHz.

Integrated Optical

Abstract. A lithium niobate optical waveguide-based integrated electro-optic (EO) electric field (E-field) sensor dedicated to the measurement of intense nanosecond transient electromagnetic pulse (EMP) signals has been developed and calibrated. The time domain calibration system for measurement of intense nanosecond EMP signals has been established. A pure optical bias phase angle control system based on wavelength tuning has been developed and implemented to ensure that the sensor has a linear transfer function. The fluctuations of the sensor static output optical power are <0.1  dB with the proposed bias control system while >3  dB without bias control. The time domain characteristics of the detected pulsed E-fields have been compared with those of the input EMP signals. For the first type nanosecond level (ns-level) EMP signal, the relative errors of the detected E-fields on rise time, fall time, and pulse width are 0.38%, 0.69%, and 0.79%, respectively. Also, for the second type ns-level EMP signal, the relative errors of the measured E-fields on rise time, fall time, and pulse width are 0.40%, 0.31%, and 0.01%, respectively. All these results demonstrate that the developed integrated EO E-field sensing system has the potential to be used to accurately extract the information of transient E-fields.

E

A new type of integrated optical magnetic field sensor is presented in this paper. The proposed sensor consists of a Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometer and a doubly loaded loop antenna. Such a structure can successfully avoid detection of the undesired electric field signal. The size of the sensor is 35 mm×6 mm×1 mm. The measurements show that the frequency response is from 2 kHz to 9 GHz, the dynamic range is 98 dB, and the minimum detectable magnetic field is 51.8 μA/m at 1 GHz. Therefore, this sensing system can be used in electromagnetic compatibility measurements.

-Field Sensor for Intense Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulse Measurement

A Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) optical waveguide three-axis electric field sensor has been designed, fabricated, installed and measured. Experimental results reveal that the variation of the sensor frequency response is no more than ±3 dB from 100 kHz to 1 GHz. The output of the sensing system exhibits a linear function of the applied electric field varying from 2.2 kV/m to 56.8 kV/m. The time domain response of the sensor agrees well with the incident electric field. All these results demonstrate that the proposed sensor has a possibility to be used to detect the intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) field.

3D Integrated Optical E-Field Sensor for Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse Measurement

A Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) based integrated optical E-field sensor with an optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and a tapered antenna has been designed and fabricated for measurement of pulsed E-field. Experimental results demonstrate that the minimum detectable E-field of the sensor is 10 kV/m. The linear relationship between the sensor input and output is better while the input E-fields varied from 10 kV/m to 370 kV/m. Besides, from the fitting curve it can be calculated that the maximum detectable E-field of the sensor is approximately equal to 1000 kV/m.

Nanosecond transient electric field measurement system using an integrated electro-optic sensor

Lithium niobate based (LiNbO3) integrated optical sensor with Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide interferometer and tapered antenna array was designed and fabricated for measuring pulsed electric field with nanosecond width. The fabricated sensor exhibits relatively flat frequency response with a variation not more than 4 dB from 10 kHz to 5 GHz and minimum detectable electric field intensity of 0.4 V/m. A 103 V/m pulsed electric field with nanosecond width was also measured by this integrated optical sensor, the experimental results exhibit the information of EMP can be detected and extracted by this integrated optical sensor.

Integrated optics magnetic sensor from 2 kHz to 9 GHz.

We proposed and theoretically simulated an optically switchable and tunable ultrawideband (UWB) doublet generator based on wavelength conversion in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and optical tunable delay in optical delay lines (ODLs). The system is optically switchable in pulse polarity, and tunable in both pulsewidth and radio frequency (RF) spectrum.