Barbara A. Carmichael

Understanding the Wine Tourism Experience for Winery Visitors in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada

This paper focuses on the intersection between agriculture and tourism in which production and consumption come together in the form of wine tourism. Wine tourism is an experience which can be conceptualized at different geographical scales and which involves visitor perceptions of physical landscapes and built environment, as well as human interactions. Survey research in Niagara, Ontario wineries is used to provide a general profile of visitors to the winery region and to examine visitor assessment of the wine tourism experience from both a human service quality and an environmental contextual perspective. Overall, the rural landscape is found to be highly important in visitor enjoyment of the wine tourism experience. Niagara is a region of rapid wine tourism growth and this study raises issues in terms of the symbiosis between wineries and tourists and the quality of the wine tourism experience.

A matrix model for resident attitudes and behaviours in a rapidly changing tourist area.

Abstract This paper focuses upon the linkages between local resident perceptions of the impacts of a mega attraction, the Foxwoods casino and attitudes toward this casino; toward the tribe (the developers); and toward the casino as an economic development tool; as well as linkages with specific types of resident behaviours. Using data collected from 203 resident telephone interviews, these linkages are explored. Perceptions of casino impacts were found to influence attitudes toward the casino and toward the tribe. A matrix model which has been well referenced in the tourism literature but never before tested, was modified and used to analyse the linkage between attitudes and behaviours. A composite measure of attitude toward the casino was developed and this scale performed well on reliability and validity tests. A simplified version of this scale was applied to the attitudinal axis of the model. The behavioural dimension of the model was created using an index of positive, neutral and negative behaviours. Statistically significant results were achieved for attitudes toward the casino and specific behaviours and for attitudes toward the tribe and these behaviours. However, attitudes toward casinos as an economic development tool showed less significant results.

Transnational and immigrant entrepreneurship in a globalized world

Transnational entrepreneurs are individuals who migrate from one country to another, concurrently maintaining business-related linkages with their countries of origin and their adopted countries and communities. Once thought of as contributing primarily to ethnic enterprise and small business, they are recognized now as playing a leading role around the world in important start-ups and high technology ventures. Transnational and Immigrant Entrepreneurship in a Globalized World brings together leading international scholars from a cross-disciplinary basis to examine the economic, social, regulatory, technological, and theoretical issues related to the impact of transnational entrepreneurs on business and economic development. Drawing on the work of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and other international perspectives, the scholars in this volume examine both theory and case studies to discuss how entrepreneurial activity relates to international business, economic development, and the institutional and regulatory implications of globalization.

Canadian domestic travel behaviour: a market segmentation study of rural shoppers.

Rural shopping is emerging as a tourism market that is under-researched and offers potential for the economic development of rural regions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the role and importance of the domestic rural shopping market in Canada as a ‘niche’ market in rural tourism, and to provide a description of the characteristics of rural shoppers. Secondary data analysis of the domestic Canadian Travel Survey (1998-2001) reveals that there are many rural visitors who also participate in shopping, and that rural shoppers display different characteristics from average Canadian domestic travellers. Market segmentation using cluster analysis identifies five activity-based groups that differ on the basis of demographics and trip characteristics.

Domestic Business Travel in Canada with a Focus on the Female Market

Abstract Female business travel is an understudied phenomenon. However, in the year 2000 women took over 5.8 million domestic business trips in Canada alone. Using data from the 2000 Canadian Travel Survey, the findings of this study indicate that female domestic business travelers are quite different than their male counterparts. Female domestic business travelers tend to be younger, unmarried and do more ‘outside’ activities while traveling. In a further examination of women and business travel using a cluster analysis, it was found that three types of women business travelers exist: ‘mixing business and pleasure’ (34%), a ‘directed’ business traveler (19%) and the ‘frequent’ business traveler (44%). These results indicate that women business travelers are more likely to extend their trip and engage in more touristic activities while traveling for business purposes.

Tourism Entrepreneurship Research

The emergence and evolution of tourism entrepreneurship as an academic field of study can be dated back some three decades (see for example, Pickering et al., 1971; Kibedi, 1979; Stallibras, 1980; Cohen, 1989; Williams et al., 1989). They portrayed entrepreneurship as a positive attribute, and a possible panacea to solve wide ranges of social, economic and political issues. The dominant disciplinary lens was that of economics (Rodenberg, 1980) and economic geography (Shaw and Williams, 1998). Since then the field has been populated by the research of academics from a wide variety of disciplines, looking beyond the economic to incorporate the social milieu in which entrepreneurs are embedded (Skokic and Morrison, 2010). The range of disciplines includes sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics and geography, alongside related fields of study such as rural sociology, entrepreneurship, tourism, gender and family studies, small, micro and medium-size enterprises, regional development and sustainability (Morrison et al., 2010). All are concerned with the human beings who are motivated within their own reference and value frame set to act as entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs socially construct their endeavours on a “world” stage, observed by economists, politicians, and sociologists working from their own reference and value frame set. Academics research the lives, values, meanings, cultures and consequences of ordinary people who are at the same time extraordinary within the context of their micro-worlds (Morrison et al., 1999). In 2011 the actions of these tourism entrepreneurs are no less remarkable and significant than they have been over history. The coming together of an international grouping of academics, at the Tourism Entrepreneurship Conference hosted by the NeXt Research Centre at Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario, Canada in April 2010 provided a valuable occasion to reflect on understanding and knowledge of this multi-faceted, complex and entrancingly human phenomenon. Furthermore, a significant outcome has been the selection of full and research note papers for inclusion in this special issue through a process of double-blind peer review, revision, re-evaluation and final acceptance. In combination they provide a powerful illustration of the multiple worlds, voices and truths that compose what is known currently of tourism entrepreneurship, and tease curiosity as to what remains concealed. They provide insight into the work of a small group of academics who are committed to exploring the real worlds, voices and truths of tourism entrepreneurs. This is reflective of a growing movement that subscribes to the view that this is critical to increasing the knowledge base about factors that contribute to entrepreneurial behaviour. It is argued here that the central tenet of the quest for more comprehensive, accurate and valid research findings regarding tourism entrepreneurship is the aspect of criticality in our evaluation of what knowledge has been created to date. For example, Morrison et al. (1999) authored a text entitled Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries which represented the first contribution of its kind to the academic field. When reviewed through 2011 eyes and minds it is apparent that content and literature Tourism Planning & Development Vol. 8, No. 2, 115–119, May 2011

Binational tourism in Niagara: insights, challenges and the future.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights to relevant theories, challenges and the future opportunities for binational tourism in the Niagara region.Design/methodology/approach – A selected cross‐section of relevant publications including news media items are reviewed. Data gathered by a group of graduate students from Niagara College during their externships with the Binational Tourism Alliance, are utilized. Binational tourism initiatives from different parts of the world are analyzed.Findings – This paper implies that in order to strategize binational tourism in Niagara, relevant theories, international best practices, historic developments of binational initiatives in Niagara as well as news media reports should be analysed. It concludes that Niagaras tourism industry, on both sides of the border, must continue to work in close partnership on their binational tourism strategy and binational positioning in order to remain competitive as a major tourist destination in the world.Origina...

A Geographical Analysis of the Rates of Non-Travel Across the Regions of Canada

Abstract The purpose of this study was to classify and segment non-travellers across the regions of Canada. This was achieved by empirically testing Haukelands (1990) model of non-travel. The study revealed that while Quebec had the lowest incidence rate of non-travel, those who did not travel were socially constrained at a much higher rate than in the other regions of Canada. Those not born in Canada were most likely to be both financially and socially constrained and concentrated primarily in Ontario. Non-travellers in Western Canada were most likely to report being financially constrained. Overall, this study found that Haukelands (1990) model assisted in the discovery of regional differences in non-travellers across Canada. If non-travellers are understood more clearly, some of their market potential could be realized by the tourism industry.

Political Economy of Destination Image: manufacturing Cuba

The overt manipulation of tourist destination image (TDI) is a commonly accepted practice among tourism destination marketing organizations, as well as, tourism business interests. While there has been significant critique of the business of tourism and tourism marketings role in worldmaking�as recently covered in the pages of this journal and in other publications like Tourism Geographies � less scrutiny has focused on how public policy acts, through tourism, as a salient worldmaker. This article from Canally and Carmichael (in Canada) constructs a framework incorporating models from tourist destination image research and critical theory to determine how governmental public policy, both domestic and international, influence TDI formation. This framework is then used to conduct a critical discourse analysis of the three key US policy documents that formulate the US governments stance towards diplomatic relations with Cuba. The result is a political economy of TDI, which traces the influence of intergovernmental and extra-governmental power structures that manipulate the image of a potential tourist destination (Cuba), to manufacture a discourse that aligns with the ide- ologies of the political elites in the US. A conceptual model of governmental manipulation of image formation agents is proposed.

Canadian Seasonality and Domestic Travel Patterns: Regularities and Dislocations as a Result of the Events of 9/11

SUMMARY On September 11th, 2001 the North American tourism environment changed dramatically as a result of the terrorist events that occurred in New York and Washington D.C. As Canadians watched the events of 9/11 unfold south of the border, the shift in their travel patterns was almost immediate. Using secondary data analysis from the Canadian domestic travel survey, this study reveals the changes in travel behavior that occurred in overall trip characteristics and for different demographic market segments post-September 11. Comparisons are made between actual and expected travel patterns. These findings have implications for disaster recovery marketing strategies in general.