Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz

Impact of abiotic factors on development of the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil: a Review

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inhabiting soil play an important role for vascular plants. Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plants and soil microorganisms leads to many mutual advantages. However, the effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi depends not only on biotic, but also abiotic factors such as physico-chemical properties of the soil, availability of water and biogenic elements, agricultural practices, and climatic conditions. First of all, it is important to adapt the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species to changing environmental conditions. The compactness of the soil and its structure have a huge impact on its biological activity. Soil pH reaction has a substantial impact on the mobility of ions in soil dilutions and their uptake by plants and soil microflora. Water excess can be a factor negatively affecting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi because these microorganisms are sensitive to a lower availability of oxygen. Mechanical cultivation of the soil has a marginal impact on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores. However, soil translocation can cause changes to the population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abundance in the soil profile. The geographical location and topographic differentiation of cultivated soils, as well as the variability of climatic factors affect the population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils and their symbiotic activity.

MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF HEMIBIOTROPHIC FUNGUS Colletotrichum coccodes COLONIZING PEPPER PLANTS

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes has been recognized as one of casual agents of anthracnose roots pepper in south-eastern Poland. During 2007–2012 the species was isolated from roots of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated in the field. The purpose of the study was morphological characterization and biotic activity of C. coccodes isolates. Five randomly chosen isolates from fungus population and one reference isolate obtained from Bank of Plant Pathogens and Investigation of their Biodiversity of IPP-NRI in Poznan in Poland were studied. The character of culture like growth rate, the colour of averse and reverse and the formation of morphological structures of the fungus such as acervuli, conidia, sclerotia were studied. Ultrastructural observations of morphological structures were made using light and scanning electron microscopy. Biotic activity of C. coccodes was conducted using the method of biotic series on PDA. Seven species of test fungi were used in the study: Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Gibberella avenacea, G. intricans, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Trichoderma harzianum. The biotic activity test showed that C. coccodes is a weak competitor, and its development in the rhizosphere of sweet pepper may be limited by numerous antagonists.

Fungal Biodiversity on Runner Bean Growing in Two Systems of Plant Protection

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate three fungicides (Dithane NeoTec 75 WG, Sumilex 500 SC, Amistar 250SC) for their antifungal activity against fungi occurring on bean seeds using two types of nozzles: standard RS-MM 110 03 and injector type ID 120 03 C. Studies of three years (2007-2009) were conducted at Czesławice in the south-east of Poland. The objects of research were the plants and seeds of cultivar Blanka. The following agents were used for protection. Observations were carried out in October in each year. Diseased plants were collected for mycological analysis. Seeds with symptoms were noticed on the investigated plantations. The results of mycological analysis showed that bean plants were colonized by Fusarium spp., Sclerotinia spp. and Alternaria alternata. The best health status and the lowest number of colonies were noticed on plants protected by azoksystrobine with both types of nozzles.

Effect of Varied NPK Fertilization on Catalase Activity of Amaranth (Amaranthus Cruentus L.)

Abstract A study was carried out on the effect of varied NPK fertilization on catalase activity per gram fresh weight of the leaves of two varieties of amaranth, Rawa and Aztek, at different developmental stages (seedling, five-leaf, flowering and mature seed), as well as in the seeds. Amaranth was grown in a field experiment in southeast Poland, at wide-row spacing on good wheat complex soil. The following combinations of macronutrient levels were applied: I - 50 kg N ・ ha-1, 40 kg P ・ ha-1, 40 kg K ・ ha-1, II - 70 kg N ・ ha-1, 50 kg P ・ ha-1, 50 kg K ・ ha-1, III - 90 kg N ・ ha-1, 60 kg P ・ ha-1, 60 kg K ・ ha-1 and IV - 130 kg N ・ ha-1, 70 kg P ・ ha-1, 70 kg K ・ ha-1. The study showed that catalase activity exhibited a downward trend during the vegetation period of amaranth. The highest catalase activity was noted in the leaves during the first stage, ie the seedling stage. Increasing levels of NPK led to an increase in catalase activity. Leaves of the Rawa variety had higher catalase activity than those of the Aztek variety at every stage of development. The level of catalase activity in the amaranth seeds was also significantly affected by fertilization and the variety of amaranth. Higher levels of the fertilizers caused an increase in catalase activity in the seeds. Abstrakt Badano wpływ zróżnicowanego nawożenia NPK na aktywność katalazy w świeżej masie liści dwóch odmian amarantusa (Rawa i Aztek) w różnych fazach rozwojowych (faza siewki, faza piątego liścia, faza pełni kwitnienia i faza pełni dojrzałości nasion) oraz w nasionach. W doświadczeniu polowym uprawiano szarłat w rozstawie szerokorzędowej na glebie kompleksu pszennego dobrego, w południowo-wschodniej części Polski. Zastosowano następujące kombinacje dawek makroskładników: I - 50 kg N ・ ha-1, 40 kg P ・ ha-1, 40 kg K ・ ha-1, II - 70 kg N ・ ha-1, 50 kg P ・ ha-1, 50 kg K ・ ha-1, III - 90 kg N ・ ha-1, 60 kg P ・ ha-1, 60 kg K ・ ha-1 oraz IV - 130 kg N ・ ha-1, 70 kg P ・ ha-1, 70 kg K ・ ha-1. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, iż aktywność katalazy wykazywała tendencję malejącą w okresie wegetacji amarantusa. Najwyższą aktywnością katalazy cechowała się świeża masa liści w pierwszej badanej fazie - fazie siewki. Wzrostowi aktywności katalazy sprzyjało nawożenie wzrastającymi dawkami NPK. Liście odmiany Rawa cechowały się większą aktywnością katalazy niż Aztek i to niezależnie od fazy rozwojowej. Na poziom aktywności katalazy w nasionach amarantusa istotny wpływ miało także nawożenie oraz odmiana. Większe dawki nawozów powodowały wzrost poziomu aktywności katalazy w nasionach.