Barrie Gordon

What is Physical Education in Primary Schools in Aotearoa/New Zealand?

Physical education has historically held an important place as an identified learning area within the wider New Zealand curriculum. While consistently present, the way that physical education has been conceptualised and implemented has evolved and changed over time. This paper considers the changes that have occurred in the teaching of physical education in primary schools (5 years - 12 years) since the introduction of the Health and Physical Education in New Zealand Curriculum (1999). The potential educative value of physical education in New Zealand has been strengthened by the conceptual and philosophical framework underpinning the Health and Physical Education learning area within the New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 2007). While acknowledging that this potential exists, it should be noted that there is concern about the quality of physical education as it actually occurs within New Zealand primary schools. This paper attempts to gain a greater understanding of the situation by exploring: the Health and Physical Education Curriculum; the conceptual confusion about what physical education is; the role of external providers in primary schools; the preparation of primary teachers to teach physical education; and by examining the research on primary school physical education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. This exploration has been informed by an analysis of a variety of texts, including curriculum documents that have informed physical education over the last fifteen years.

External providers and their impact on primary physical education in Aotearoa/New Zealand

ABSTRACT Within Aotearoa/New Zealand primary schools, External Providers (EPs) have steadily increased their influence on physical education. The purpose of this study was to explore and interpret classroom teachers’ perspectives of EPs in their primary school. The research team obtained questionnaire responses from 487 classroom teachers from 133 different primary and intermediate schools in six regions across Aotearoa/New Zealand. In addition, 33 classroom teachers, selected from the six regions as a purposive sample [Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Newbury, CA: Sage], were interviewed. The research utilised a case-study design [Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage] and incorporated a mixed-methods approach [Greene, J. C. (2007). Mixed methods in social inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass]. Our findings support the belief that EPs are established as major providers of physical education and sport in the primary schools space. Teachers identified a large number of EPs (n = 638) active in their schools. A number of categories were drawn from the interviews: Prevalence of EPs, Expertise and professional development (PD), Valued programs, Evaluation and assessment of EP provided programs and Pedagogical limitations. The teachers valued the EPs for their expertise, PD and the opportunities for students to experience a wide range of sports. However, schools conducted little assessment or evaluation of the programs. Teachers expressed some criticisms around the pedagogical approaches used and the EPs’ lack of knowledge of the curriculum. As a profession it is our responsibility to ensure that all students experience quality physical education programs and that EPs are working in ways that maximise the benefits for our students.

Socialisation and learning to teach using the teaching personal and social responsibility approach

ABSTRACT Occupational socialisation theory (OST) is a dialectical approach to understanding teachers’ recruitment, training, and lived experiences in school settings. Research using this model has shown that socialisation influences how physical educators interpret or ‘read’ pedagogical models. However, this research has not been extended to the teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) model, which differs from other models in its concurrent focus on responsibility and physical activity outcomes. This study, therefore, sought to understand how physical educators learned to use the model in light of current and prior socialisation. Participants included eight physical education teachers (five females, three males) from two schools in New Zealand. Data collection included four individual interviews with each teacher and systematic and ethnographic observations of teaching. Results indicated that prior socialisation and influences within the current school influenced fidelity to the TPSR model. Social support and alignment of the model with other school initiatives supported implementation, whereas a lack of clarity and competing priorities reduced fidelity. Results are discussed in relation to OST, and future directions for research are proposed.

Physical education in Aotearoa New Zealand primary schools: Teachers’ perceptions and policy implications

Whilst globally there has been a great deal of discussion and rhetoric regarding the state of physical education at the primary level, there is a paucity of evidence regarding teachers’ perceptions of quality physical education in practice. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore and interpret primary school teachers’ perceptions of physical education in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) and identify the influence(s) of education, sport and health policies on these perceptions. This study utilized a mixed methods design, including a questionnaire of 487 classroom teachers from 133 different primary and intermediate schools in five regions (North Auckland, Auckland, Wellington, Canterbury and Southland) across NZ. The research team also interviewed 41 classroom teachers from across the five regions. Three themes were drawn from the teacher surveys and interviews: muddled thinking; teacher levels of confidence; and physical education or sport. The findings suggest that a number of policies and practices have strongly shaped what occurs ‘in the name’ of physical education in primary schools. These have created a ‘perfect storm’ for primary physical education in NZ and there is concern that the reality of what occurs in practice does not meet the expectations of the national curriculum. There is a need to re-shape the principles and ideals of current practice in primary physical education rather than accepting the historical sports, competition, fitness, fundamental sport skills and ‘Kiwisportification’ of physical education.