Barry Hyman

Energy and material flow models for the US steel industry

We develop calibrated models of energy and material consumption patterns in the US steel industry, starting with an energy end-use model based on 1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) data. Then process-step models of material and energy use are developed and calibrated against the energy end-use model and data from the US Commerce Department and the American Iron and Steel Institute. These models can serve as benchmarks for current steelmaking operations and as base cases for simulating changes in steelmaking energy utilization and waste streams spurred by economics, regulations, or technology innovations.

Energy end-use models for pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

This paper deals with energy end-use models for pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. The models are consistent with data published in the U.S. Department of Energys 1991 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). A graphical framework for depicting these energy flows is presented. Development of these models is a key step in creating energy process-step models for pulp, paper, and paperboard production. The applicability of the modeling approach and framework to other industries is discussed.

An energy process-step model for manufacturing paper and paperboard

A process-step energy-consumption model for the production of paper and paperboard is presented. The model is consistent with data published by the U.S. Department of Energys 1991 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). The applicability of the framework to other industries is discussed.

Energy intensity of manufacturing processes

A generic approach is presented for estimating the energy-intensity of manufacturing processes. The major improvements in this technique over conventional methods of estimating energy-intensity in the manufacturing sector are the use of energy-intensity measures that are product-oriented and are based on physical measures of product output. The method is used to estimate electric intensities in the paper industry. The superiority of physical electric intensities over economic-based intensities for describing trends in the paper industry is demonstrated. The potential of this approach to provide control totals for detailed process-oriented engineering models is described.

Optimum integration of solar technologies into an existing hydrothermal power system

A linear programming model is presented for optimizing the integration of solar-based generation technologies into an existing hydrothermal generation system in such a way as to avoid the storage costs usually associated with such technologies. The optimization model is applied to the particular problem of meeting the projected generation requirements in Washington State during the year 2000. Numerical calculations are performed to determine the optimum combination of five new technologies (wind, photovoltaics, small hydro, cogeneration, total energy systems) as additions to the existing hydrothermal system. Several scenarios are explored and required deployment rates are calculated. The results indicate that the extent and pattern of integration of these new technologies can be sharply affected by the management strategies applied to the existing hydrothermal system.

Energy End-Use Models of the U.S. Organic and Inorganic Chemicals Industries

In this paper, energy end-use models of U.S. Organic Chemicals and the U.S. Inorganic Chemicals industries are given. The energy end-use model is developed based on the waste heat recovery characterization of the U.S. Chemical Industry and the onsite power and steam generation model. The primary database used in this study is the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) data: EIA 906, EIA-920, EIA-860B and MECS (Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey). Based on the results found from the models; the majority of the fuel is used for the end-uses in these manufacturing sectors either directly or through onsite power and steam generation. The approach to create these models is applicable to all other industries for which data is available and the model is consistent with the most available U.S. Department of Energy data, which is currently given for 2002 while the data for 2006 is under progress. When used in conjunction with similar models for other years, it can be used to identify the changes and trends in energy utilization even at the prime mover level of detail.Copyright

A generalized factorization principle for energy conservation analysis

The factorization principle is generalized to express energy consumption associated with any activity in terms of seven generic factors. The validity of this approach is demonstrated via examples involving three diverse activities. Guidelines are provided which permit systematic selection of the seven factors for any other activity. One of the seven factors describes the technical characteristics of the energy consuming device while the other six describe various aspects of the activity and the manner in which the device is utilized.

A market penetration model for residential photovoltaic deployment and its application in Washington State

A model is developed for examining the adoption of photovoltaic systems in single family residences. The model treats photovoltaic devices as consumer durables with a potential for providing a return on investment. In a series of scenarios, we examine a range of estimated market penetrations in Washington State by the year 2000 under a variety of economic and policy conditions.