Barry Smyth

Trust in recommender systems

Recommender systems have proven to be an important response to the information overload problem, by providing users with more proactive and personalized information services. And collaborative filtering techniques have proven to be an vital component of many such recommender systems as they facilitate the generation of high-quality recom-mendations by leveraging the preferences of communities of similar users. In this paper we suggest that the traditional emphasis on user similarity may be overstated. We argue that additional factors have an important role to play in guiding recommendation. Specifically we propose that the trustworthiness of users must be an important consideration. We present two computational models of trust and show how they can be readily incorporated into standard collaborative filtering frameworks in a variety of ways. We also show how these trust models can lead to improved predictive accuracy during recommendation.

Advances in Case-Based Reasoning

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Retrieval, reuse, revision and retention in case-based reasoning

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an approach to problem solving that emphasizes the role of prior experience during future problem solving (i.e., new problems are solved by reusing and if necessary adapting the solutions to similar problems that were solved in the past). It has enjoyed considerable success in a wide variety of problem solving tasks and domains. Following a brief overview of the traditional problem-solving cycle in CBR, we examine the cognitive science foundations of CBR and its relationship to analogical reasoning. We then review a representative selection of CBR research in the past few decades on aspects of retrieval, reuse, revision and retention.

Recommending twitter users to follow using content and collaborative filtering approaches

Recently the world of the web has become more social and more real-time. Facebook and Twitter are perhaps the exemplars of a new generation of social, real-time web services and we believe these types of service provide a fertile ground for recommender systems research. In this paper we focus on one of the key features of the social web, namely the creation of relationships between users. Like recent research, we view this as an important recommendation problem -- for a given user, UT which other users might be recommended as followers/followees -- but unlike other researchers we attempt to harness the real-time web as the basis for profiling and recommendation. To this end we evaluate a range of different profiling and recommendation strategies, based on a large dataset of Twitter users and their tweets, to demonstrate the potential for effective and efficient followee recommendation.

Using twitter to recommend real-time topical news

Recommending news stories to users, based on their preferences, has long been a favourite domain for recommender systems research. In this paper, we describe a novel approach to news recommendation that harnesses real-time micro-blogging activity, from a service such as Twitter, as the basis for promoting news stories from a users favourite RSS feeds. A preliminary evaluation is carried out on an implementation of this technique that shows promising results.

Similarity vs. Diversity

Case-based reasoning systems usually accept the conventional similarity assumption during retrieval, preferring to retrieve a set of cases that are maximally similar to the target problem. While we accept that this works well in many domains, we suggest that in others it is misplaced. In particular, we argue that often diversity can be as important as similarity. This is especially true in case-based recommender systems. In this paper we propose and evaluate strategies for improving retrieval diversity in CBR systems without compromising similarity or efficiency.

Recommendation to groups

Recommender systems have traditionally recommended items to individual users, but there has recently been a proliferation of recommenders that address their recommendations to groups of users. The shift of focus from an individual to a group makes more of a difference than one might at first expect. This chapter discusses the most important new issues that arise, organizing them in terms of four subtasks that can or must be dealt with by a group recommender: 1. acquiring information about the users preferences; 2. generating recommendations; 3. explaining recommendations; and 4. helping users to settle on a final decision. For each issue, we discuss how it has been dealt with in existing group recommender systems and what open questions call for further research.

Exploiting Query Repetition and Regularity in an Adaptive Community-Based Web Search Engine

Search engines continue to struggle with the challenges presented by Web search: vague queries, impatient users and an enormous and rapidly expanding collection of unmoderated, heterogeneous documents all make for an extremely hostile search environment. In this paper we argue that conventional approaches to Web search -- those that adopt a traditional, document-centric, information retrieval perspective -- are limited by their refusal to consider the past search behaviour of users during future search sessions. In particular, we argue that in many circumstances the search behaviour of users is repetitive and regular; the same sort of queries tend to recur and the same type of results are often selected. We describe how this observation can lead to a novel approach to a more adaptive form of search, one that leverages past search behaviours as a means to re-rank future search results in a way that recognises the implicit preferences of communities of searchers. We describe and evaluate the I-SPY search engine, which implements this approach to collaborative, community-based search. We show that it offers potential improvements in search performance, especially in certain situations where communities of searchers share similar information needs and use similar queries to express these needs. We also show that I-SPY benefits from important advantages when it comes to user privacy. In short, we argue that I-SPY strikes a useful balance between search personalization and user privacy, by offering a unique form of anonymous personalization, and in doing so may very well provide privacy-conscious Web users with an acceptable approach to personalized search.

A personalized television listings service

COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM August 2000/Vol. 43, No. 8 107 The ClixSmart content personalization engine has been developed in the Department of Computer Science at University College Dublin. Its engine performs two essential tasks: It monitors the online activity of users (for a given Web site) and automatically constructs profiles for these users to capture their domain and behavioral preferences. (This task is carried out by the profile manager [5, 6]). The actions of individual users are stored as they select (click), browse, and read content assets, and this information is used to infer interest in specific content assets stored in the content database. Also, it uses this user profile information to personalize a target Web site by filtering information content for the target user, eliminating irrelevant content items and highlighting relevant ones [1–3, 7, 8, 10]. A Personalized TELEVISION LISTINGS SERVICE Barry Smyth and Paul Cotter

Understanding the intent behind mobile information needs

Mobile phones are becoming increasingly popular as a means of information access while on-the-go. Mobile users are likely to be interested in locating different types of content. However, the mobile space presents a number of key challenges, many of which go beyond issues with device characteristics such as screen-size and input capabilities. In particular, changing contexts such as location, time, activity and social interactions are likely to impact on the types of information needs that arise. In order to offer personalized, effective mobile services we need to understand mobile users in more detail. Thus we carried out a four-week diary study of mobile information needs, looking in particular at the goal/intent behind mobile information needs, the topics users are interested in and the impact of mobile contexts such as location and time on user needs.