Bastaman Basuki

Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, transfusions and risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection

This study identifies the risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and measures the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis C (anti‐HCV) in the general population of Jakarta. A population‐based sample of 985 people aged 15 and above was surveyed. Risk factors were identified through questionnaires and home visits. Serum was analysed for HBsAg, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs), anti‐HCV, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The seroprevalence was: 4.0% (39/985) for HBsAg, 17.2% (170/985) for anti‐HBs, and 3.9% (38/985) for anti‐HCV. The risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection had little in common. Low socioeconomic status was a strong risk factor for HBsAg (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 18.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.35–139.50). In addition, the Chinese group has 2.97 higher risk of having HBV infection compared with the Malayan ethnic group (adjusted OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.22–7.83). There was moderate positive trend between family size and risk of HBsAg positivity (P= 0.130). Age over 50 (adjusted OR 14.72; 95% CI 4.35–49.89) and history of transfusion were significant risk factors for hepatitis C (adjusted OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.25–7.33). Hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections have different risk factors in Jakarta, a high risk in population for both diseases. Hepatitis B transmission is associated with low socioeconomic status, Chinese ethnic group and large family size, while hepatitis C is associated with an older age and a history of transfusions.

Tobacco (kretek) smoking, betel quid chewing and risk of oral cancer in a selected Jakarta population.

PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the association between tobacco consumption (kretek) and betel quid chewing with oral cancer risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 81 cases of oral cancers were matched with 162 controls in this hospital-based study. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and details of risk habits (duration, frequency and type of tobacco consumption and betel quid chewing) were collected. Association between smoking and betel quid chewing with oral cancer were analysed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Slightly more than half of the cases (55.6%) were smokers where 88.9% of them smoked kretek. After adjusting for confounders, smokers have two fold increased risk, while the risk for kretek consumers and those smoking for more than 10 years was increased to almost three-fold. Prevalence of betel quid chewing among cases and controls was low (7.4% and 1.9% respectively). Chewing of at least one quid per day, and quid combination of betel leaf, areca nut, lime and tobacco conferred a 5-6 fold increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is positively associated with oral cancer risk. A similar direct association was also seen among betel quid chewers.

Slit-lamp calibration, crucial but neglected

Abstrak Latar belakang:Sebagai komponen penting untuk mendukung pelaksanaan program KIA, obat untuk program pelayanan obstreti, neonatal emergensi dasar (PONED) harus tersedia di instalasi farmasi kabupaten/kota (IFK) di seluruh regional di Indonesia. Namum kadang-kadang terjadi disparitas ketersediaannya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi disparitas Ketersediaan tersebut. Metode:Penelitian potong lintang yang merupakan bagian dari Rifaskes 2011 pada bulan Agustus-Oktober 2011 yang mencakup seluruh 497 IFK kabupaten/kota di 33 provinsi Indonesia. Regional terdiri dari Sumatera, Jawa-Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, dan Papua. Obat esensial PONED dibagi menjadi dua klasifikasi: (1) sangat penting, dan (2) penting. Hasil: Pada Januari 2012, dari 497 kabupaten/kota tersedia 316 (64%) untuk analisis ini. Terdapat disparitas obat untuk PONED baik yang tergolong sangat penting maupun yang penting. Di antara obat PONED esensial yang sangat penting, Dextrose infus dan Ergomterin/methiler-gometrin injeksi maleat, dan Oxytosin injeksi tersedia di semua wilayah kecuali di Maluku. Anti tetanus serum (ATS), Furosemid injeksi, Furosemid injeksi, Magnesium sulfat, dan Penicilin prokain tersedia di semua regional. Obat PONED esensial yang penting, kecuali obat Bicarbonas di Papua, semua obat esensial PONED kurang tersedia di semua regional. Yang paling tidak tersedia adalah infus A2, injeksi Cedilanide, Natrium bikarbonat injeksi, dan petidin injeksi. Secara keseluruhan di Nusa Tenggara mempunyai persediaan obat PONED yang relatif lebih baik dibandingkan region lainnya. Kesimpulan: Terdapat kesenjangan ketersediaan obat esensial PONED yang sangat penting maupun yang penting di seluruh di Indonesia. Maka kesenjangan obat-obat PONED ini harus diatasi. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Kata kunci:ketersediaan obat PONED, disparitas, instalasi farmasi, Indonesia Abstract Background:As an important component to support the implementation of the Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (BEONC)the drugs should be available in the district/city pharmacy (IFK) in entire region in Indonesia. However, availability disparity occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the disparity on the availability drugs in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-October 2011, which covered all IFK districts / municipalities in 33 provinces of Indonesia. The location comprised regional: Sumatra, Java and Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. BEONC essential medicines were divided into two classifications: (1) very very important, and (2) very important. Results: In January 2012, out of 497 districts / cities 316 (64%) were available for this analysis. There were disparities on availability BEONC classified as very very important as well as very important drugs. Among the very important BEONC essential drugs, Dextrose infusion and Ergomterin / methiler-gometrin maleate injection, and injection Oxytosin available in all regions except in the Maluku. Anti-tetanus serum (ATS), furosemide injection, furosemide injection, Magnesium sulfate, and Procaine Penicillin were available in all regions. The important BEONC essential drugs, except Bicarbonas in Papua, all essential drugs BEONC less available in all regions. The most available was A2 infusion fluid, Cedilanide injection, sodium bicarbonate injection, and pethidine injection. It seemed that Nusa Tenggara region had relatively better BEONC drug stock as compared to other regions. Conclusion:There was significantly disparity on availability of very important essential BEONC drugs in all regions in Indonesia. Therefore it is necessary to solve the disparity problems of BEONC drugs. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Key words:BEONC drug, availability, disparity, pharmaceutical installation, IndonesiaAbstrak Latar belakang: Tikus dan cecurut dapat menularkan leptospirosis. Setiap jenis tikus dan cecurut mempunyai habitat masing-masing, antara lain jenis, daerah, dan ketinggian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh ketinggian, variasi spesies, jenis tanah, tata guna lahan, dan banjir terhadap infeksi Leptospira sp pada tikus dan cecurut. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di beberapa lokasi pada bulan April-November 2011 di Jawa Tengah (kota dan kabupaten Semarang, kabupaten Demak, kabupaten Sleman dan Wonogiri). Tikus dan cecurut yang tertangkap diidentifikasi, dan diambil ginjal untuk diperiksa keberadaan bakteri leptospira dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Untuk mengidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi infeksi leptosira sp pada tikus, analisis data memakai pendekatan risiko relatif. Hasil: Spesies tikus dan cecurut, tingkat elevasi dan jenis tanah berpengaruh terhadap risiko infeksi Leptospira sp. Dibandingkan dengan S. murinus, Rattus norvegicus spesies hampir 78 kali lipat berisiko infeksi Leptospira sp (risiko relatif rasio suaian (RRa = 77.87, P = 0,001], dan R. tanezumi memiliki risiko yang lebih rendah (RRa = 7,95, P = 0,048). Menurut tingkat elevasi tanah, elevasi yang rendah (0-100 m) dibandingkan dengan yang lebih tinggi (101-600 m) berisiko 2,3 kali lipat terinfeksi Leptospira sp (RRa = 2,27, P = 0,132). Kesimpulan:Infeksi leptospirosis pada tikus berkaitan dengan species tikus dan cecurut serta tingkat elevasi serta jenis tanah. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Kata kunci:species tikus dan cecurut, leptospirosis Abstract Background: Mice and suncus may transmit leptospirosis. Each type mice and suncus had different habitat, among other, types, regions, and altitude. The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of altitude, variety of species, soil type, land use and flood against Leptospira sp infection in mice and sucus. Methods:A cross-sectional study conducted at several locations in April-November 2011 in Central Java (the town and district of Semarang, district of Demak, district of Sleman and Wonogiri). Mice and suncus caught were identified, kidney were taken for the existence of bacteria leptospira by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). To identify factors affecting leptosira sp infection, analysis of data using relative risk approach. Results:Species of rats and suncus, elevation level, soil types and area related to risk Leptospira sp infection. Compared with S. murinus, Rattus norvegicusspecies had almost 78-fold to be Leptospira sp infected (adjusted relative risk ratio (RRa = 77.87; P = 0.001], and R. tanezumi had less risk (RRa = 7.95; P = 0.048). In term of elevation level, Lower elevation level (0-100 m) compared with higher level (101-600 m) had 2.3-fold risk to be Leptospira sp infection (RRa = 2.27; P = 0.132). Conclusion:Species of rats and suncus, elevation level, soil types and area related to risk Leptospira sp infection. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Key words:Species of rats and suncus and leptospirosis

The number of sectors and other risk factors related to fatigue among shorthaul commercial pilots in Indonesia

Background: Fatigue could impair cognitive function in pilots which may lead to accidents in short-haul flight. Theaim of this study was to identify the risk factors related to fatigue among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted among Boeing 737 seriestyped-rating pilots taking medical examination at the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta from May5-26, 2014. Fatigue was measured with Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Datawere collected using anonymous self-reporting questionnaire on demographics, workload, sleep restriction(Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS), personal factors, and managerial support. Linear regression was used toidentify dominant risk factors related to fatigue.Results: During data collection, 785 pilots were taking medical examination, 382 pilots were willing toparticipate, and 239 pilots met the criteria. The FSS mean was 4.66 ± 1.202. The number of sectors in 24hours, flight times of unplanned flights in 30 days, and sleep restriction were dominant factors of fatigue.Each additional sector increased FSS by 0.371 points [regression coefficient (β) = 0.371; P = 0.000].Furthermore, each additional ESS, increased FSS by 0.043 points (β = 0.043; P = 0.008), while eachadditional unplanned flights increased FSS by 0.033 points (β = 0.033; P = 0.000).Conclusions: Additional number of sectors in 24 hours, additional unplanned flight times within 30 days,and sleep restriction increased the risk of fatigue among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia. (HealthScience Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:69-75)

The effect of workload and other risk factors of metabolic syndrome among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia

Abstrak Latar belakang: Penelitian ini untuk membandingkan efikasi dan keamanan Artemisinin-Napthoquine(AN) dengan dosis tunggal dan obat pilihan ACT lain, dengan Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP)pada pengobatan P.vivax. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi randomisasi terbuka dengan subyek direkrut mulai tahun 2007 – 2008dari RS St Gabriel, Maumere dan RS Polisi, RS Angkatan Darat dan RS Angkatan Laut di Jayapura.Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian utama yang sudah dipublikasi sebelumnya. Efikasidinyatakan dengan ketiadaan klinis dan parasit malaria sampai dengan hari ke 42, disebut AdequateClinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR). Keamanan dinyatakan sebagai kejadian sampingan yangditemukan pada setiap kunjungan ulang yang tidak dilaporkan sebelumnya pada hari rekrutmen (h0). Hasil: Total 158 subyek dianalisis. Sejumlah 80 subyek direkrut pada kelompok AN dan 78 dengan DHP.Median Parasite Clearance Estimator (PCE) yaitu 2,32 (kisaran: 1,42 – 7,78; IQR: 1,99 – 2,82) jam padaAN dan 2,05 (kisaran: 1,30 – 8,30; IQR: 1,82 – 2,46) jam pada DHP. Parasite clearance sudah terjadi dalam64 jam. Adequate clinical parasitological response (ACPR) at day 42 was 100% (95% CI: 95,2-100) padaAN, dan 100% (95% CI: 94,9-100) pada DHP. Kejadian Sampingan ditemukan ringan dan dapat ditoleransi. Kesimpulan: Kedua obat memiliki efikasi dan keamanan yang sebanding untuk pengobatan malaria vivaksdewasa. Walaupun pembersihan parasit AN lebih lama dibandingkan DHP, 100% pembersihan terjadipada kedua kelompok pengobatan dalam 64 jam. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:92-8) Kata kunci: malaria, Artemisinin, napthoquine ,dihydroartemisinin, vivax Abstract Background: This study was to compare the efficacy and safety between Artemisinin-Napthoquine (AN)as a single dose as well as an alternative drug, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) as a three-daystandard regimen on P. vivax infection. Methods: This was an open randomized study performed during the period of April 2007- March 2008 inthree Armed Forces Hospitals in Jayapura, Papua Province, and one private hospital in Maumere, East NusaTenggara Province. This study was a part from previously published study for any malaria infection. Efficacywas the absence of clinical and parasitological malaria until day 42, performed as Adequate Clinical andParasitological Response (ACPR). Safety was performed based on adverse event in any day of follow upwhich never reported at day recruitment (d0). Results: This study analyses 158 P. vivax cases. A total 80 subjects were treated with AN and 78 with DHP.The median Parasite Clearance Estimator (PCE) was 2.32 (range: 1.42 – 7.78; Interquartile Range (IQR): 1.99– 2.82) hours in AN and 2.05 (range: 1.30 – 8.30; IQR: 1.82 – 2.46) hours in DHP group. The parasite clearancewas complete by 64 hours. The ACPR was 100% (95% Confidance Interval (CI): 95.2-100) in the AN, and100% (95% CI: 94.9-100) in the DHP group. Both drugs have similar mild and tolerated adverse events. Conclusions: Both drugs have similar efficacy and safety for the treatment of P. vivax in adults. AlthoughAN has took longer PCE compared to DHP, 100% clearance was achieved in both groups in 64 hours.(Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:92-8) Key word: malaria, Artemisinin, napthoquine ,dihydroartemisinin, vivax

Purser support and the tendency of depression among civil female flight attendants in Indonesia

Abstrak Latar belakang: Penelitian ini untuk membandingkan efikasi dan keamanan Artemisinin-Napthoquine(AN) dengan dosis tunggal dan obat pilihan ACT lain, dengan Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP)pada pengobatan P.vivax. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi randomisasi terbuka dengan subyek direkrut mulai tahun 2007 – 2008dari RS St Gabriel, Maumere dan RS Polisi, RS Angkatan Darat dan RS Angkatan Laut di Jayapura.Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian utama yang sudah dipublikasi sebelumnya. Efikasidinyatakan dengan ketiadaan klinis dan parasit malaria sampai dengan hari ke 42, disebut AdequateClinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR). Keamanan dinyatakan sebagai kejadian sampingan yangditemukan pada setiap kunjungan ulang yang tidak dilaporkan sebelumnya pada hari rekrutmen (h0). Hasil: Total 158 subyek dianalisis. Sejumlah 80 subyek direkrut pada kelompok AN dan 78 dengan DHP.Median Parasite Clearance Estimator (PCE) yaitu 2,32 (kisaran: 1,42 – 7,78; IQR: 1,99 – 2,82) jam padaAN dan 2,05 (kisaran: 1,30 – 8,30; IQR: 1,82 – 2,46) jam pada DHP. Parasite clearance sudah terjadi dalam64 jam. Adequate clinical parasitological response (ACPR) at day 42 was 100% (95% CI: 95,2-100) padaAN, dan 100% (95% CI: 94,9-100) pada DHP. Kejadian Sampingan ditemukan ringan dan dapat ditoleransi. Kesimpulan: Kedua obat memiliki efikasi dan keamanan yang sebanding untuk pengobatan malaria vivaksdewasa. Walaupun pembersihan parasit AN lebih lama dibandingkan DHP, 100% pembersihan terjadipada kedua kelompok pengobatan dalam 64 jam. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:92-8) Kata kunci: malaria, Artemisinin, napthoquine ,dihydroartemisinin, vivax Abstract Background: This study was to compare the efficacy and safety between Artemisinin-Napthoquine (AN)as a single dose as well as an alternative drug, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) as a three-daystandard regimen on P. vivax infection. Methods: This was an open randomized study performed during the period of April 2007- March 2008 inthree Armed Forces Hospitals in Jayapura, Papua Province, and one private hospital in Maumere, East NusaTenggara Province. This study was a part from previously published study for any malaria infection. Efficacywas the absence of clinical and parasitological malaria until day 42, performed as Adequate Clinical andParasitological Response (ACPR). Safety was performed based on adverse event in any day of follow upwhich never reported at day recruitment (d0). Results: This study analyses 158 P. vivax cases. A total 80 subjects were treated with AN and 78 with DHP.The median Parasite Clearance Estimator (PCE) was 2.32 (range: 1.42 – 7.78; Interquartile Range (IQR): 1.99– 2.82) hours in AN and 2.05 (range: 1.30 – 8.30; IQR: 1.82 – 2.46) hours in DHP group. The parasite clearancewas complete by 64 hours. The ACPR was 100% (95% Confidance Interval (CI): 95.2-100) in the AN, and100% (95% CI: 94.9-100) in the DHP group. Both drugs have similar mild and tolerated adverse events. Conclusions: Both drugs have similar efficacy and safety for the treatment of P. vivax in adults. AlthoughAN has took longer PCE compared to DHP, 100% clearance was achieved in both groups in 64 hours.(Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:92-8) Key word: malaria, Artemisinin, napthoquine ,dihydroartemisinin, vivax

Several factors increased job dissatisfaction among medical doctors in Indonesia

Abstrak Latar belakang: Infeksi virus Influenza A dapat menyebabkan wabah di seluruh dunia. Wabah virus H1N1 terjadi di Indonesia pada bulan April 2009. Sebanyak 1892 kasus terduga H1N1 dilaporkan antara April dan akhir Desember 2009. Dari 1892 kasus yang terduga, hanya 809 dikonfirmasi terinfeksi virus H1N1. Karena virus strain baru, maka perlu diketahui persentase kasus yang mengembangkan antibodi anti H1N1 setelah infeksi pertama kali. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan sera yang disimpan dari yang dikumpulkan pada tahun 2009 yang disimpan pada-70 oC di laboratorium virologi di Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Ujia yang digunakan ialah uji HI untuk menentukan kekebalan setelah infeksi Influenza A/H1N1pdm09. Hasil: Hanya sebagian kecil kasus terinfeksi flu A/H1N1pdm09 selama wabah mengembangkan antibodi pelindung anti H1N1pdm09. Dari 205 sera yang diperiksa, 38 kasus (18,5%) mengembangkan antibodi anti H1N1pdm09 dengan HI titer ≥1:40. Kesimpulan: Sebanyak 18,5% kasus yang mengembangkan antibodi anti H1N1pdm09 di antara kasus terinfeksi flu A/H1N1pdm09 selama wabah 2009. (Health Science Indones 2013;1:37-40) Keywords: Influenza, antibody, pandemic, 2009 Abstract Background: Influenza A virus infection can cause pandemic influenza worldwide. The outbreak of the H1N1 virus occurred in Indonesia in April 2009. A total of 1892 suspected cases of H1N1 were reported between April and the end of December 2009. From 1892 suspected cases, there were only 809 confirmed infected by the H1N1 virus. Since the virus is a new strain, we wanted to know how many cases developed antibody anti H1N1 after the first infection occurred. Methods: We used archived sera which was collected in 2009 and stored at -70oC in the virology laboratory of the National Institute of Health Research and Development. We used the HI assay to determine the immunity after infection of Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 in 2009. Results: Only a small proportion of cases infected during an outbreak of flu A/H1N1pdm09 develop protective antibodies anti H1N1pdm09. Of 205 sera were examined, 38 cases (18.5%) developed anti H1N1pdm09 with HI antibody titer ≥1:40. Conclusion: A total of 18.5% of cases develop antibodies anti H1N1pdm09 among A/H1N1pdm09 flu cases during the 2009 outbreak. (Health Science Indones 2013;1:37-40) Keywords:Influenza, antibody, pandemic, 2009

Risks of Plasmodium falciparumparasitemia among 10 years or below children in Indonesia: a 2010 national study

Abstrak Latar belakang:Sebagai komponen penting untuk mendukung pelaksanaan program KIA, obat untuk program pelayanan obstreti, neonatal emergensi dasar (PONED) harus tersedia di instalasi farmasi kabupaten/kota (IFK) di seluruh regional di Indonesia. Namum kadang-kadang terjadi disparitas ketersediaannya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi disparitas Ketersediaan tersebut. Metode:Penelitian potong lintang yang merupakan bagian dari Rifaskes 2011 pada bulan Agustus-Oktober 2011 yang mencakup seluruh 497 IFK kabupaten/kota di 33 provinsi Indonesia. Regional terdiri dari Sumatera, Jawa-Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, dan Papua. Obat esensial PONED dibagi menjadi dua klasifikasi: (1) sangat penting, dan (2) penting. Hasil: Pada Januari 2012, dari 497 kabupaten/kota tersedia 316 (64%) untuk analisis ini. Terdapat disparitas obat untuk PONED baik yang tergolong sangat penting maupun yang penting. Di antara obat PONED esensial yang sangat penting, Dextrose infus dan Ergomterin/methiler-gometrin injeksi maleat, dan Oxytosin injeksi tersedia di semua wilayah kecuali di Maluku. Anti tetanus serum (ATS), Furosemid injeksi, Furosemid injeksi, Magnesium sulfat, dan Penicilin prokain tersedia di semua regional. Obat PONED esensial yang penting, kecuali obat Bicarbonas di Papua, semua obat esensial PONED kurang tersedia di semua regional. Yang paling tidak tersedia adalah infus A2, injeksi Cedilanide, Natrium bikarbonat injeksi, dan petidin injeksi. Secara keseluruhan di Nusa Tenggara mempunyai persediaan obat PONED yang relatif lebih baik dibandingkan region lainnya. Kesimpulan: Terdapat kesenjangan ketersediaan obat esensial PONED yang sangat penting maupun yang penting di seluruh di Indonesia. Maka kesenjangan obat-obat PONED ini harus diatasi. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Kata kunci:ketersediaan obat PONED, disparitas, instalasi farmasi, Indonesia Abstract Background:As an important component to support the implementation of the Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (BEONC)the drugs should be available in the district/city pharmacy (IFK) in entire region in Indonesia. However, availability disparity occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the disparity on the availability drugs in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-October 2011, which covered all IFK districts / municipalities in 33 provinces of Indonesia. The location comprised regional: Sumatra, Java and Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. BEONC essential medicines were divided into two classifications: (1) very very important, and (2) very important. Results: In January 2012, out of 497 districts / cities 316 (64%) were available for this analysis. There were disparities on availability BEONC classified as very very important as well as very important drugs. Among the very important BEONC essential drugs, Dextrose infusion and Ergomterin / methiler-gometrin maleate injection, and injection Oxytosin available in all regions except in the Maluku. Anti-tetanus serum (ATS), furosemide injection, furosemide injection, Magnesium sulfate, and Procaine Penicillin were available in all regions. The important BEONC essential drugs, except Bicarbonas in Papua, all essential drugs BEONC less available in all regions. The most available was A2 infusion fluid, Cedilanide injection, sodium bicarbonate injection, and pethidine injection. It seemed that Nusa Tenggara region had relatively better BEONC drug stock as compared to other regions. Conclusion:There was significantly disparity on availability of very important essential BEONC drugs in all regions in Indonesia. Therefore it is necessary to solve the disparity problems of BEONC drugs. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Key words:BEONC drug, availability, disparity, pharmaceutical installation, IndonesiaAbstrak Latar belakang: Tikus dan cecurut dapat menularkan leptospirosis. Setiap jenis tikus dan cecurut mempunyai habitat masing-masing, antara lain jenis, daerah, dan ketinggian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh ketinggian, variasi spesies, jenis tanah, tata guna lahan, dan banjir terhadap infeksi Leptospira sp pada tikus dan cecurut. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di beberapa lokasi pada bulan April-November 2011 di Jawa Tengah (kota dan kabupaten Semarang, kabupaten Demak, kabupaten Sleman dan Wonogiri). Tikus dan cecurut yang tertangkap diidentifikasi, dan diambil ginjal untuk diperiksa keberadaan bakteri leptospira dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Untuk mengidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi infeksi leptosira sp pada tikus, analisis data memakai pendekatan risiko relatif. Hasil: Spesies tikus dan cecurut, tingkat elevasi dan jenis tanah berpengaruh terhadap risiko infeksi Leptospira sp. Dibandingkan dengan S. murinus, Rattus norvegicus spesies hampir 78 kali lipat berisiko infeksi Leptospira sp (risiko relatif rasio suaian (RRa = 77.87, P = 0,001], dan R. tanezumi memiliki risiko yang lebih rendah (RRa = 7,95, P = 0,048). Menurut tingkat elevasi tanah, elevasi yang rendah (0-100 m) dibandingkan dengan yang lebih tinggi (101-600 m) berisiko 2,3 kali lipat terinfeksi Leptospira sp (RRa = 2,27, P = 0,132). Kesimpulan:Infeksi leptospirosis pada tikus berkaitan dengan species tikus dan cecurut serta tingkat elevasi serta jenis tanah. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Kata kunci:species tikus dan cecurut, leptospirosis Abstract Background: Mice and suncus may transmit leptospirosis. Each type mice and suncus had different habitat, among other, types, regions, and altitude. The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of altitude, variety of species, soil type, land use and flood against Leptospira sp infection in mice and sucus. Methods:A cross-sectional study conducted at several locations in April-November 2011 in Central Java (the town and district of Semarang, district of Demak, district of Sleman and Wonogiri). Mice and suncus caught were identified, kidney were taken for the existence of bacteria leptospira by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). To identify factors affecting leptosira sp infection, analysis of data using relative risk approach. Results:Species of rats and suncus, elevation level, soil types and area related to risk Leptospira sp infection. Compared with S. murinus, Rattus norvegicusspecies had almost 78-fold to be Leptospira sp infected (adjusted relative risk ratio (RRa = 77.87; P = 0.001], and R. tanezumi had less risk (RRa = 7.95; P = 0.048). In term of elevation level, Lower elevation level (0-100 m) compared with higher level (101-600 m) had 2.3-fold risk to be Leptospira sp infection (RRa = 2.27; P = 0.132). Conclusion:Species of rats and suncus, elevation level, soil types and area related to risk Leptospira sp infection. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Key words:Species of rats and suncus and leptospirosis

Coping strategies related to total stress score among post graduate medical students and residents

Abstrak Latar belakang:Sebagai komponen penting untuk mendukung pelaksanaan program KIA, obat untuk program pelayanan obstreti, neonatal emergensi dasar (PONED) harus tersedia di instalasi farmasi kabupaten/kota (IFK) di seluruh regional di Indonesia. Namum kadang-kadang terjadi disparitas ketersediaannya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi disparitas Ketersediaan tersebut. Metode:Penelitian potong lintang yang merupakan bagian dari Rifaskes 2011 pada bulan Agustus-Oktober 2011 yang mencakup seluruh 497 IFK kabupaten/kota di 33 provinsi Indonesia. Regional terdiri dari Sumatera, Jawa-Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, dan Papua. Obat esensial PONED dibagi menjadi dua klasifikasi: (1) sangat penting, dan (2) penting. Hasil: Pada Januari 2012, dari 497 kabupaten/kota tersedia 316 (64%) untuk analisis ini. Terdapat disparitas obat untuk PONED baik yang tergolong sangat penting maupun yang penting. Di antara obat PONED esensial yang sangat penting, Dextrose infus dan Ergomterin/methiler-gometrin injeksi maleat, dan Oxytosin injeksi tersedia di semua wilayah kecuali di Maluku. Anti tetanus serum (ATS), Furosemid injeksi, Furosemid injeksi, Magnesium sulfat, dan Penicilin prokain tersedia di semua regional. Obat PONED esensial yang penting, kecuali obat Bicarbonas di Papua, semua obat esensial PONED kurang tersedia di semua regional. Yang paling tidak tersedia adalah infus A2, injeksi Cedilanide, Natrium bikarbonat injeksi, dan petidin injeksi. Secara keseluruhan di Nusa Tenggara mempunyai persediaan obat PONED yang relatif lebih baik dibandingkan region lainnya. Kesimpulan: Terdapat kesenjangan ketersediaan obat esensial PONED yang sangat penting maupun yang penting di seluruh di Indonesia. Maka kesenjangan obat-obat PONED ini harus diatasi. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Kata kunci:ketersediaan obat PONED, disparitas, instalasi farmasi, Indonesia Abstract Background:As an important component to support the implementation of the Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (BEONC)the drugs should be available in the district/city pharmacy (IFK) in entire region in Indonesia. However, availability disparity occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the disparity on the availability drugs in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-October 2011, which covered all IFK districts / municipalities in 33 provinces of Indonesia. The location comprised regional: Sumatra, Java and Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. BEONC essential medicines were divided into two classifications: (1) very very important, and (2) very important. Results: In January 2012, out of 497 districts / cities 316 (64%) were available for this analysis. There were disparities on availability BEONC classified as very very important as well as very important drugs. Among the very important BEONC essential drugs, Dextrose infusion and Ergomterin / methiler-gometrin maleate injection, and injection Oxytosin available in all regions except in the Maluku. Anti-tetanus serum (ATS), furosemide injection, furosemide injection, Magnesium sulfate, and Procaine Penicillin were available in all regions. The important BEONC essential drugs, except Bicarbonas in Papua, all essential drugs BEONC less available in all regions. The most available was A2 infusion fluid, Cedilanide injection, sodium bicarbonate injection, and pethidine injection. It seemed that Nusa Tenggara region had relatively better BEONC drug stock as compared to other regions. Conclusion:There was significantly disparity on availability of very important essential BEONC drugs in all regions in Indonesia. Therefore it is necessary to solve the disparity problems of BEONC drugs. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Key words:BEONC drug, availability, disparity, pharmaceutical installation, IndonesiaAbstrak Latar belakang: Tikus dan cecurut dapat menularkan leptospirosis. Setiap jenis tikus dan cecurut mempunyai habitat masing-masing, antara lain jenis, daerah, dan ketinggian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh ketinggian, variasi spesies, jenis tanah, tata guna lahan, dan banjir terhadap infeksi Leptospira sp pada tikus dan cecurut. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di beberapa lokasi pada bulan April-November 2011 di Jawa Tengah (kota dan kabupaten Semarang, kabupaten Demak, kabupaten Sleman dan Wonogiri). Tikus dan cecurut yang tertangkap diidentifikasi, dan diambil ginjal untuk diperiksa keberadaan bakteri leptospira dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Untuk mengidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi infeksi leptosira sp pada tikus, analisis data memakai pendekatan risiko relatif. Hasil: Spesies tikus dan cecurut, tingkat elevasi dan jenis tanah berpengaruh terhadap risiko infeksi Leptospira sp. Dibandingkan dengan S. murinus, Rattus norvegicus spesies hampir 78 kali lipat berisiko infeksi Leptospira sp (risiko relatif rasio suaian (RRa = 77.87, P = 0,001], dan R. tanezumi memiliki risiko yang lebih rendah (RRa = 7,95, P = 0,048). Menurut tingkat elevasi tanah, elevasi yang rendah (0-100 m) dibandingkan dengan yang lebih tinggi (101-600 m) berisiko 2,3 kali lipat terinfeksi Leptospira sp (RRa = 2,27, P = 0,132). Kesimpulan:Infeksi leptospirosis pada tikus berkaitan dengan species tikus dan cecurut serta tingkat elevasi serta jenis tanah. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Kata kunci:species tikus dan cecurut, leptospirosis Abstract Background: Mice and suncus may transmit leptospirosis. Each type mice and suncus had different habitat, among other, types, regions, and altitude. The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of altitude, variety of species, soil type, land use and flood against Leptospira sp infection in mice and sucus. Methods:A cross-sectional study conducted at several locations in April-November 2011 in Central Java (the town and district of Semarang, district of Demak, district of Sleman and Wonogiri). Mice and suncus caught were identified, kidney were taken for the existence of bacteria leptospira by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). To identify factors affecting leptosira sp infection, analysis of data using relative risk approach. Results:Species of rats and suncus, elevation level, soil types and area related to risk Leptospira sp infection. Compared with S. murinus, Rattus norvegicusspecies had almost 78-fold to be Leptospira sp infected (adjusted relative risk ratio (RRa = 77.87; P = 0.001], and R. tanezumi had less risk (RRa = 7.95; P = 0.048). In term of elevation level, Lower elevation level (0-100 m) compared with higher level (101-600 m) had 2.3-fold risk to be Leptospira sp infection (RRa = 2.27; P = 0.132). Conclusion:Species of rats and suncus, elevation level, soil types and area related to risk Leptospira sp infection. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx) Key words:Species of rats and suncus and leptospirosis

The prevalence of GB virus C, risk factors and its relationship with other hepatitis viruses in a general population in Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract This study identifies the prevalence, risk factors for GB virus C (GBV-C) and its relationship with other hepatitis viruses in a general population of Jakarta, Indonesia. A population-based sample of 995 people aged 15 and above was surveyed. Risk factors were identified by questionnaires and home visits. Serum was analyzed for seromarkers of hepatitis viruses, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The seroprevalence of GBV-C RNA (GB virus C ribonucleic acid) was 2.0%, HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was 4.1%, anti-HBs (antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen) was 17.4%, anti-HCV (antibody to hepatitis C) was 3.5% and anti-HAV (antibody to hepatitis A virus) was 87.3%. Co-infection between HCV and GBV-C was not found while co-infection between HBV and GBV-C was detected in one case. Compared to low socioeconomic status, middle socioeconomic status had almost a five times higher risk of having GBV-C RNA (adjusted OR=5.29, 95% CI: 1.56–17.99). Transfusion and total alcohol consumption during lifetime were risk factors for GBV-C RNA (adjusted OR=4.76, 95% CI: 1.46–15.46 and adjusted OR=6.24, 95% CI: 1.28–30.35, respectively). In conclusion, the prevalence of GB virus C infections in Jakarta is moderate. Co-infection of GBV-C with HCV is not found, and that with HBV is very low. GBV-C transmission is associated with socioeconomic status, history of transfusion and alcohol consumption.