Bayram Uzun

Turkish cadastral system

Abstract In Turkey, cadastral works were started after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. These studies were carried out in such manner that ownership of the land was given to the people who were using it. Firstly, in 1924, the process was started in urban areas where one fourth of the total population of the country lived. Because of various problems including economic difficulties, technical deficiencies, personal insufficiencies, these cadastral works were only carried out in cities within the first 25 years from 1925 to 1950. Then the cadastral works were speeded up and most were carried out between 1950 and 1990. In this period, the work was achieved utilizing the available technology at that time in rural and urban areas. Today, 97% of the urban cadastral areas and 67% of the rural cadastral areas have been completed in Turkey. Generally, graphic, photogrammetric, orthogonal, and tachometric measurement methods have been used in this work. While 45% of the Turkish cadastral maps have been produced using graphic method which does not have a coordinate system, the other maps have been produced using the different measurement methods. These are also in different coordinate systems and scales. Only 7% of the whole cadastral maps are in digital format. On the other hand, because of the factors mentioned above, Turkish cadastral bases do not contain sufficient information to be converted to digital system in accordance with field. Since 1990, different methods have been used to digitize these non-digital cadastral maps. However, these attempts have failed. The main goals of this study are identifying historical background of cadastre and existing situation of it in Turkey.

Using Land Readjustment Method as an Effective Urban Land Development Tool in Turkey

Abstract In developing countries one of the urbanization issues is the provision of adequate land for new built-up areas. Therefore, it is important to implement land development plans to meet urban land needs and facilitate systematic urban development. There are different methods to realize these procedures and, worldwide, land expropriation is the most commonly used one. Compensation based procedures are mostly used to release land for urban land development applications, but this is both expensive and coercive. There needs to be a more effective way of providing land for new settlements and construction. Land readjustment (LR) is one of the land development tools used in the developing world to support urbanization requirements. It has the ability to solve land-use problems in urban areas when there is a need to redesign and create new urban settlements. In order to provide land for a continuing urban development process, LR has been implemented in Turkey. In particular, municipalities apply the method to release land for public areas such as roads, parks and play areas. This paper outlines, first, the implementation methods of urban land development plans in Turkey, and then the Turkish LR method is introduced in detail.

Progress of cost recovery on cadastre based on land management implementation in Turkey

Abstract The General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (GDLRC, in Turkish TKGM), which is under the authority of the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey, has started taking advantage of the private sector for the production of cadastre products that have been more effective and economical since 2005. During this progress, the Licensed Surveying Engineer and Bureau (LSEB, in Turkish LİHKAB) was established. Change operations on demand after the finishing of cadastre works were passed on to the LSEB. In addition, the GDLRC has started accelerating the data quality to meet the cadastre data standard of the European Union. Besides, since 1993, the information-produced cadastre maps and projects have been sold to whoever they may concern by way of GDLRC through the concept of revolving funds. Through this concept, it is intended that experiences of revolving funds in our country would be beneficial for transferring this matter to the concerned country. In this sense, the progress of cost recovery is investigated with selected areas serving as examples. Through this article, it has been proved that the progress of cost recovery is very fast in the areas in which intensive operations of property are performed in accordance with data obtained. However, it is thought that if the diversity of cadastre data is increased during the progress of cost recovery on cadastre works in Turkey, the conclusions of the cost recovery system will be much more effective than it is at present. It is determined that insufficient diversity of cadastre data creates a disadvantage for the cost recovery system in Turkey. Finally, solving the problems on progress of cost recovery, enrichment activity for cadastre scope and content should be started. Simultaneously, it is observed that initiating the work of enrichment activity would be beneficial as well as would sustain the progress of cost recovery.

Land readjustment for minimizing public expenditures on school lands: a case study of Turkey

Education infrastructure issues have been one of the most important topics in developing countries that have difficulty reserving money for education infrastructure needs, especially Turkey. Development plans have a crucial role in meeting school infrastructure needs in Turkey. Generally, the expropriation method has been used for land transitions from private to public ownership. However, scarcity of monetary resources for such land transitions and legal/technical deficiencies delays the process. The main objectives of this paper are to respond to the need of the education sector by using land management tools and to identify the most suitable land management tool for allocating basic and primary school lands free of charge. Current trends, education indicators, management responsibility and financial resources, statistical and economical information, education infrastructure needs, and qualitative-quantitative characteristics of the pupils in the Turkish education system are analyzed based on national and international reports. Then, the property right problems experienced in the process of allocating school lands are defined. Methods of transferring school lands to public ownership are examined, and the benefit-cost relationships are revealed. Land readjustment (LR) would make an important contribution to planning decisions and the implementation stage in the sustainable management of school lands.

An alternative method for expropriation for lane-like projects in planned area: a case study from Trabzon in Turkey

This study focuses on the Tanjant Road in Trabzon, in which public authorities expropriated a lot of parcels together with buildings then destroyed all of them and then finally finished the road. If Tanjant road was opened in accordance 3194/18th article, contribution rate was to be 39%. It is seen that contribution rate to be curtailed from the adjusted cadastral parcels has fallen to 18% on 337 cadastral parcels after the expropriation for Tanjant road. If LR was applied, the road field to be expropriated would be met via the area acquired from the LR, thanks to contribution rate. In both practices, it is aimed that keeping arrangement area wide; the benefits and problems Tanjant road and article 18 have brought are distributed to a wide area. It is seen that expropriation costs are met free of charge in inner-city route with LR.

Procedure of Real Estate Acquisition by Foreigners in Turkey

Whether public, private, or something in between, property rights are a social, cultural, and economic base laying crucial groundwork for market economies. Within newly minted market economies, it becomes possible – even necessary – to recalibrate intuition towards land and other forms of property as commodities to be bought and sold in an international market (Tess, Commun Post-Commun Stud 37:213–239, 2004). Also, arising out of technological advances, coupled with the liberalization of capital markets worldwide that allow for efficient movement of capital between countries. Besides every nation, from past to present, has certain restrictions concerning the acquisition of land in the sense of absolute ownership by foreigners (Uzun and Yomralioglu, Foreigners in Turkey real estate acquisition: a review in the context of land management, chamber of surveying engineers of Turkey. In 11th scientific and technical conference of mapping, Ankara (in Turkish), 2007). However the removal of foreign ownership restrictions in many countries, a policy encouraged both by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union, made it easier for people to invest in foreign real estate markets (HPI, Housing Price Indices, the World wide overview of real estate prices in recent years of research division of the National Association of Realtors, Washington. Available from: http://www.realtor.org/sites/default/files/reports/2009/world-wide-overview-real-estate-prices-recent-years-2009-08.pdf. Accessed 22 Feb 2015, 2009). Turkey as a developing country, a member of OECD and candidate of EU, has made a series of arrangement in terms of foreign investment on residential property. Turkey is an attractive country in the international land market because of both its geography (with large coastal area and the Mediterranean climate) and its rapidly developing economy. Particularly in recent years, individuals and companies have started to be interested in purchasing real estate in Turkey and this combined with Turkey being accepted as an EU candidate country attention is being paid to the process of real estate purchase by non-Turkish nationals and companies (Uzun and Yavuz, European Union integration process of the Foreign nationals acquisition of immovable property in Turkey. In: 9th Turkey scientific and technical conference of mapping, Ankara (in Turkish), 2003). Since 2002, there has been renewed concern in Turkey about purchases of properties by foreign citizens, reflected in numerous amendments and cancellation decisions about such purchases by the Supreme Court and a number of state agencies. Despite the frequent changes, foreign direct investment (FDI) rose from just over US

Legalizing and upgrading illegal settlements in Turkey

1 billion in the early 2000s to an average of US

A Model for Solving Informal Settlement Issues in Developing Countries

13 billion in the 2008–2013 period in Turkey.