Beata Ferencz

The Flushing Time Based on Underground Supply in the Upper-Most Located Łęczna-Włodawa Lakes

Abstract Flushing time (Tf) is an important factor which determines the hydrological, ecological and chemical functioning of lakes. However, it has never been calculated on the basis of underground supply for Polish Lakes. Due to their high altitudes, the lakes in question constitute a distinctive group among the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakes. They are located in the borderland of the Cretaceous Chełm Hills (part of the Polish Uplands) and Polish Lowland. The quantity of the underground water supply was one of the key factors which make these lakes so distinctive. During periods of low precipitation, water shortages occurred in the lakes, especially Pniówno and Syczyńskie. The Łęczna-Włodawa Lakes are commonly distinguished, among other Polish water bodies, as super-passive due to their water flushing time (>10 years). However, the average flushing time of the water in lakes Tarnowskie, Chuteckie, Pniówno and Syczyńskie, based on the underground supply, amounted to 606, 211, 54 and 79 days, respectively. The territorial conditions (e.g. geologic structure of catchment areas or thickness of unsaturated and saturated zones) were the most important factors that determined seasonal fluctuations of the supply to the lakes.

Spatial variation of basin supply as a factor of water quality in a shallow, flow-through lake

Spatial variation of basin supply as a factor of water quality in a shallow, flow-through lake Lake Syczyńskie is a water body that represents a group of the smallest Łęczna-Włodawa Lakes. The lake is supplied with waters from the four streams, while the outlet from the lake is directed into the Świnka River. The residence time of water is very short in Lake Syczyńskie. A role and variation of water supply from the catchment area were calculated using the mean seasonal loads transported from lakes sub-basins. A range of ionic migration into the basin of the lake was presented by means of daily and five-day radiuses. Among all inflows, C2 and C4 streams that drained Chełm Hills structure, were the most stable ones. The C3 stream that drained lake vicinity, was less important in shaping the quality of the lake water, while stream C1 was the one with a wide range of seasonal loads inconstancy. The highest fluviodynamic and matter transport occurred during the cold season. However, during the warm season in-lake processes were significant in terms of shaping the quality of lake water.

Role of hydrological factors in shaping water chemistry of small flow-through Polish lake

In this study, allometric relations between all parts of lake-catchment systems have been investigated. Inflow and outflow discharges were the main hydrological factors of terrestrial part of the system. Lake water chemistry was presented not simply as ion concentration, but as ion mass accumulated in the lake basin, taking into account the volume of water stored in the lake basin at that time. Redundancy analysis was used to determine the most significant relations between hydrometeorological factors and lake water chemistry. Power of scaling was calculated afterward. The obtained results showed the strongest relations between the following: inflow 2 (I2) and total phosphorus (TP), outflow and magnesium (Mg2+) and chlorides (Cl−), flushing time (Tf) and phosphate (PO43−), as well as precipitation (P) and calcium (Ca2+)—inverse relation. In most cases, negative allometry was observed. The most stable allometric relations occurred between I2 and TP, the least stable between Tf and PO43−. Negative allometry proved a dominant role of hydrological conditions in shaping lake water chemistry. The inverse relationship between P and Ca2+ resulted from the fact that Ca2+ originated from Cretaceous sediments weathering, not atmospheric input.

Water balance of lake-catchment systems with transformed water distribution

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the scale of changes in the distribution of water and their influence on the components of the hydrological balance in two lake catchments situated in the Leczna-Wlodawa Lake District. Design/methodology/approach – In order to estimate the scale of man-made modification of water distribution an analysis of published cartographic materials was used. The maps cover time-scale of over 150 years. The analysis was completed by territorial research carried out during water years 2007-2009. The elements of water balance equation were calculated on the basis of daily water levels, discharge, precipitations and lake volumes. Evaporation was calculated as the difference of balance gains and losses (runoff deficit). Findings – The study has shown high permanent human pressure on lake-catchment systems under study, since the 50 of the nineteenth century. Naturally drainless lakes were connected to the system of surface runoff, which modified radically directions and pa...

Impact of lake-catchment processes on phytoplankton community structure in temperate shallow lakes: Impact of lake-catchment processes on phytoplankton

Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Department of Hydrology, Maria Curie‐ Skłodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Correspondence Magdalena Toporowska, Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin 20‐950, Poland. Email: magdalena.toporowska@up.lublin.pl Funding information National Science Centre (NCN), Grant/Award Number: 2015/17/D/ST10/02105

The variability of conditions of carbonate allocation on the example of a small flow-through Łęczna-Włodawa lake (Eastern Poland)

A synthetic index LSI (Langelier Saturation Index) was calculated to analyze conditions of carbonates allocation. The higher LSI value, positive or negative, the better conditions to deposition or chemical denudation, respectively. Physical–chemical research was carried out in the lake-catchment system of Lake Syczyńskie, located in the border zone of Polish Lowland and Lublin Upland. The data were collected during the three water years 2007–2009. A hydro-chemical state of products of CaCO3 dissociation in waters was close to the equilibrium for most of the year. Values of the LSI ranged from −0.08 to 1.44 in the water of the catchment under study. The highest LSI values were observed in the lake water. The lowest LSI values occurred in waters of the inlet originated from a Cretaceous spring. Allocation conditions were established along inlet–lake–outlet transect. A decrease of carbonates translocation along the transect was typical for the Lake Syczyńskie and it occurred in all seasons. A clear seasonality of the carbonate equilibrium state was observed in the lake-catchment system under study. Results showed that inlet of groundwater determined transport of products of calcium and magnesium carbonate dissociation in the catchment Lake Syczyńskie. The most stable chemical conditions were observed in winter, which resulted from an intense groundwater inflow. The least stable conditions occurred in spring, in which season conditions of carbonates allocations were modified by precipitation and/or surface runoff.

Water exchange of three shallow Łęczna-Włodawa Lakes

Abstract The research was carried out in three Łęczna-Włodawa lake-catchment systems, during the hydrological years 2007-2009. The observed lakes varied in terms of basin morphometry and catchment features. The hydrological functioning of the lakes resulted from three main factors: 1) storage capacity of the lake basin, 2) catchment area and relief, 3) human impact on water distribution. The vertical water exchange ratio in Lake Sumin was almost four-times higher than flushing time. In Lakes Rotcze and Syczyńskie horizontal water exchange, presented as flushing time was significantly higher than the vertical one.