Beata Kawala

Biological factors involved in implant-anchored orthodontics and in prosthetic-implant therapy: a literature review.

During the past few years, the application of orthodontic miniscrews and dental implants has been expanded. However, failures have necessitated ongoing investigation of potential risk factors. The aim of this overview was to conduct an assessment of the immunological response following application of cortical temporary anchorage devices—titanium miniscrew implants—in orthodontic patients. A scrupulous search of the database revealed only two matching items; therefore studies evaluating the immune response subsequent to insertion of dental implants were reviewed. Thorough assessment revealed the following as factors associated with dental implant rejection: (1) correlation of the volume of gingival and peri-implant crevicular fluid and the amount of interleukin (IL)-1β with mucosal inflammation, thus serving as a peri-implantitis evaluation index; (2) significantly more frequent marginal bone loss around implants in patients with IL-1B-511 2/2 genotype; (3) humoral response to Staphylococcus aureus. However, since there is almost no evidence-based evaluation of the allergic/inflammatory reaction either to orthodontic titanium miniscrews themselves or in adolescents and young adults, who comprise the largest group of orthodontic patients, this issue requires further investigation. It is essential in order to achieve successful, sophisticated and modern treatment of malocclusions.

Effectiveness of orthodontic miniscrew implants in anchorage reinforcement during en-masse retraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: The aim of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of orthodontic miniscrew implants—temporary intraoral skeletal anchorage devices (TISADs)—in anchorage reinforcement during en‐masse retraction in relation to conventional methods of anchorage. Methods: A search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science was performed. The keywords were orthodontic, mini‐implants, miniscrews, miniplates, and temporary anchorage device. Relevant articles were assessed for quality according to Cochrane guidelines and the data extracted for statistical analysis. A meta‐analysis of raw mean differences concerning anchorage loss, tipping of molars, retraction of incisors, tipping of incisors, and treatment duration was carried out. Results: Initially, we retrieved 10,038 articles. The selection process finally resulted in 14 articles including 616 patients (451 female, 165 male) for detailed analysis. Quality of the included studies was assessed as moderate. Meta‐analysis showed that use of TISADs facilitates better anchorage reinforcement compared with conventional methods. On average, TISADs enabled 1.86 mm more anchorage preservation than did conventional methods (P <0.001). Conclusions: The results of the meta‐analysis showed that TISADs are more effective than conventional methods of anchorage reinforcement. The average difference of 2 mm seems not only statistically but also clinically significant. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because of the moderate quality of the included studies. More high‐quality studies on this issue are necessary to enable drawing more reliable conclusions. HighlightsEffectiveness of temporary intraoral skeletal anchorage devices (TISADs) was assessed.Fourteen articles representing 616 patients with TISADs were selected for meta‐analysis.Quality of the included studies was moderate.TISADs were more effective than conventional methods of anchorage reinforcement.The average difference of 2 mm was statistically and clinically significant.

Do the NiTi low and constant force levels remain stable in vivo

OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the alteration of the deactivation forces of the most commonly used nickel-titanium wires under long-lasting oral cavity environmental influence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomized in vitro and in vivo trials of 540 pieces of orthodontic archwires, NeoSentalloy®, Copper NiTi® 35°C and Titanol Superelastic(®), round (0.016 inch), and rectangular (0.016 × 0.022 inch), were carried out. Randomization and blinding was achieved with 12-colour system that ensured encoding of key information on the tested specimens. Each of 270 patients (females, 18-20 years old, in the finishing stage of orthodontic treatment) received the piece of NiTi wire ligated piggyback, for a period of 4-6 weeks. Eventually, all samples were subjected to a three-point bending test. Data were statistically analysed at a 5 per cent significance level. RESULTS In the group of the round used wires, when compared with the new ones, the deactivation force (F dav) values increased significantly for Titanol Superelastic®; the NeoSentalloy® and Copper NiTi® 35°C wires did not change their values of F dav. In the group of rectangular wires, F dav decreased for Titanol Superelastic®, but increased for NeoSentalloy® wires. The F dav values of the Copper NiTi® 35°C used wires practically did not change, but a remarkable increase of the standard deviation was noted. LIMITATIONS No calculations concerning effectiveness of in vivo aligning of analysed wires were made. CONCLUSIONS For the purpose of a 4-6-week aligning stage, round NeoSentalloy® with a diameter of 0.016 inches seems to be the wire of choice because of the low level of F dav.

Electromyographic analysis of superior orbicularis oris muscle function in children surgically treated for unilateral complete cleft lip and palate

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the electrical activity of the superior orbicularis oris muscle in children surgically treated for unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS The sample comprised 45 patients 6.38-12.68 years of age with UCCLP and 40 subjects 6.61-11.71 years of age with no clefts. Electromyographical (EMG) recordings were taken with a DAB-Bluetooth Instrument (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) in the rest position and during saliva swallowing, lip protrusion and reciprocal compression of the lips, as well as while producing the phonemes /p/, /b/, and /m/ combined with the vowel /a/. RESULTS The electrical activity of the upper lip during saliva swallowing and lip compression was significantly greater in the cleft group. Similar resting level activity was observed in both groups. During the production of the /p/, /b/, and /m/ phonemes combined with the vowel /a/ the results showed no significant differences in the EMG activity between children with UCCLP and noncleft subjects. CONCLUSION Patients with UCCLP have abnormal upper lip function characterized by increased activity of the superior orbicularis oris muscle during saliva swallowing and lip compression, and this may affect facial morphology.

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.

The electrical activity of the masticatory muscles in children with cleft lip and palate

BACKGROUND Information regarding masticatory muscle function in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) is limited. As a consequence, research on masticatory muscle activity in cleft subjects is needed. AIM To assess masticatory muscle activity in children surgically treated for CLP as well as identify the possible factors associated with this activity. DESIGN The sample comprised 82 children with mixed dentition and Class I occlusions (25 children with unilateral CLP and 57 subjects with no cleft abnormalities). A DAB-Bluetooth Instrument (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) was used to take electromyographical (EMG) recordings of the temporal and masseter muscles both in the mandibular rest position and during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). RESULTS Patients with clefts showed a significant increase in temporal muscle activity at rest compared with the controls. The presence of clefts and unilateral posterior crossbites are factors strongly associated with increased temporal muscle EMG potentials during rest position. CONCLUSIONS Children with clefts have altered temporal muscle function. The presence of posterior crossbites affects the temporal muscle activity in cleft subjects. Early diagnosis and orthodontic treatment of malocclusions are necessary to achieve functional improvement in these patients.

Objectification of Orthodontic Treatment Needs: Does the Classification of Malocclusions or a History of Orthodontic Treatment Matter?

BACKGROUND Orthodontic classifications make it possible to give an accurate diagnosis but do not indicate an objective orthodontic treatment need. In order to evaluate the need for treatment, it is necessary to use such indicators as the IOTN. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to find (i) relationships between individual diagnosis and objective recommendations for treatment and (ii) an answer to the question whether and which occlusal anomalies play an important role in the objectification of treatment needs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hundred three 18-year-old adolescents (104 girls, 99 boys) were examined. In order to recognize occlusal anomalies, the classifications proposed by Orlik-Grzybowska and Ackerman-Proffit were used. The occlusal anomalies were divided into three categories: belonging to both classifications, typical of OrlikGrzybowska classification and typical of Ackerman-Proffit classification. In order to determine the objective need for orthodontic treatment, the Dental Health Component (DHC) of the IOTN was used. RESULTS The occurrence of the following malocclusions covered by both classifications, namely abnormal overjet, crossbite and Angles class, had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) impact on an increase of treatment needs in the subjects (DHC > 3). As for the classification by Orlik-Grzybowska, dental malpositions and canine class significantly affected the need for orthodontic treatment, while in the case of the Ackerman-Proffit scheme, it was asymmetry and crowding. There was no statistically significant correlation between past orthodontic treatment and current orthodontic treatment need. CONCLUSIONS IOTN may be affected by a greater number of occlusal anomalies than it was assumed. Orthodontic treatment received in the past slightly reduces the need for treatment in 18-year-olds.

Wpływ alkoholu na powstawanie wad twarzoczaszki u płodu – przegląd piśmiennictwa

Streszczenie Plodowy zespol alkoholowy jest nastepstwem oddzialywania alkoholu na plod. Zespol ten moze przybierac rozny obraz kliniczny, w zalezności od okresu ciązy oraz dawki alkoholu spozytego przez ciezarną. Przegląd dostepnego piśmiennictwa dotyczy zaburzen struktur twarzoczaszki u plodu, powstalych w wyniku spozywania etanolu przez kobiety w ciązy.

Electromyographic Analysis of Masticatory Muscles in Cleft Lip and Palate Children with Pain-Related Temporomandibular Disorders

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the electrical activity of temporalis and masseter muscles in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and pain-related temporomandibular disorders (TMD-P). Methods The sample consisted of 31 CLP patients with a TMD-P (mean age 9.5 ± 1.8 years) and 32 CLP subjects with no TMD (mean age 9.2 ± 1.7 years). The children were assessed for the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Electromyographical (EMG) recordings were performed using a DAB-Bluetooth Instrument (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) in the mandibular rest position and during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Results The rest activity of the temporalis and masseter muscles was significantly higher in TMD-P group compared with non-TMD children. A significant decrease in temporalis muscle activity during MVC was observed in TMD-P patients. There was a significant increase in the Asymmetry Index for temporalis and masseter muscle rest activity in the TMD-P group. Conclusion Cleft children diagnosed with TMD-P have altered masticatory muscle activity, and this can affect their muscle function.

Trace Elements in Living Systems: From Beneficial to Toxic Effects

1Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland 2Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland 3Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Medical University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland 4Department of Orthodontics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany