Beata Kowalska

Binary Linear Programming as a Decision-Making Aid for Water Intake Operators

The cost of energy consumed in the course of pumping water from its sources constitutes a considerable share of the total operating costs borne by a water company. In order to optimize the operation of a water pumping station, it is essential to devise an appropriate pumps schedule. The aim of the work was to develop a smart tool which would facilitate decision-making by the operator of a water intake, including a group of wells, supplying actual municipal waterworks. The tool creates a real-time schedule for wells and pumps integrated with them, which constitutes a basis for a final decision made by the operator, related to the degree and period of their usage. The main criterion of facilitating the decision-making pertained to achieving the minimum energy consumption during pumping water from a well to a reservoir tank, while simultaneously keeping all the wells on full stand-by. The schedule was prepared by means of binary linear programming. In this method, both the function of the goal and the limiting functions are linear, whereas the particular variables belong to the set {0,1}.

Application of a Multidimensional Scaling Method to Identify the Factors Influencing on Reliability of Deep Wells

Elements of the water distribution systems (WDS) as removable objects can be repaired or replaced, however their failures are difficult for analysis. The impact of WDS failures can be reduced if preventive actions are taken based on their potential of occurrences or if a failure occurs and is detected within a minimum period of time after its occurrence. This requires the development of a forensic system for WDS failures. This is why in this paper we will present an analysis of reliability data from a water supply sources consisting of deep wells taking into consideration additional, potential failure reasons. The aim of the work was also application possibility analysis of a multidimensional scaling method to identify the factors influencing on reliability of deep wells.

Displacements of the pipe system caused by a transient phenomenon using the dynamic forces measured in the laboratory

Background: When transporting liquids, in particularly over long distances, dynamic forces in the system can present a risk. The larger the system size, and the greater the pressure, the more harmful the impact is of such forces. Water is transported in this way for domestic, industrial, and fire-fighting purposes. One of the impulses of dynamic force application may be the transition of the pressure wave in the water hammer. Methods: In this paper, the results of measured dynamic forces and associated displacements recorded on the model caused by transient flow conditions are presented. For measured forces, the displacements of the pipe were also calculated by using the oscillation motion equations. Force measurements and displacement analyses were carried out in laboratory on the model of a simple fire protection system equipped with three nozzles. Results and Conclusions: The measurement results and calculations were used to calibrate a mathematical model created using MATLAB software.

Water Quality Correction Within Water Distribution System

Abstract Water suppliers can be treated as production companies whose main product is water delivered to their customers. The article presents problems connected with management of such companies in the conditions of secondary contamination in water distribution systems. This phenomenon exists in water networks all over the world. Its’ presence is particularly visible in countries of former communistic block. In the article particular attention was devoted to the issue of water quality correction in the analysed systems. In the case of water distribution systems, former quality correction methods consisted in special treatment of water pumped into the system, flushing and cleaning of water pipes. In both these cases identification of water quality deficiencies resulted in significant water loss. The situation reflects management processes applied in the manufacturing industry of the 1940s. The authors of this paper put forward the concept of three water quality correction methods which would not entail such considerable water loss. The methods in question are intended for different network types. The implementation of proposed solutions could set new standards in management of distribution systems of water providers.

Application Of Numerical Modeling In Quantitative Assessment Of BHT Dispersion In PE-HD Pipes

Abstract PE-HD water pipes are exposed to adverse environmental conditions, both during production and their subsequent use in the civil engineering. Several organic compounds migrating into water may lead to deterioration of water quality, especially its taste and odour. Commonly used antioxidant BHT and its products of degradation are leached into water as a result of degradation of the PE-HD pipes material. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of BHT concentration changes in water circulating in the PE-HD close loop pipe of 30 m length as well as of numerical studies based on data obtained by the laboratory measurements. Numerical calculations were performed using the commercial software Fluent, Ansys Inc., based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) principles. The analysis of water samples confirmed the migration of the antioxidant from the pipe material into the water. The results of numerical analysis gave good agreement with the measured values.