Béla Filep

Bevezető: utak és úton lévők

A kvalitativ modszerekkel nyert kutatasi eredmenyeink ertelmezese soran a transznacionalis ter, a transznacionalis es az etnikai migracio elmeleti es szemleleti kereteit egyarant figyelembe vettuk. Az altalunk vizsgalt migracios folyamatok transznacionalis terben zajlanak, es a transznacionalis irodalomban leirt migrans elethelyzetek, gyakorlatok – kulonboző nemzetallamokban elhelyezkedő lokalitasokhoz valo egyidejű, bar elterő intenzitasu kotődes, kapcsolatok – tobb peldajaval is talalkoztunk. Ludger Pries nyoman a transznacionalis migraciot es a transznacionalis migrans alakjat olyan idealtipusnak tekintettuk, amelyhez az egyes migrans utak es helyzetek csupan kozelitenek, es empirikus eredmenyeink alapjan azt mondhatjuk, hogy a valoban plurilokalis, vagyis a ket helyhez valo egyidejű, intenziv es tartos kotődes s az ehhez kapcsolodo gyakorlatok csupan a migransok kisebbseget, illetve a migracios eletpalyak egy-egy szakaszat jellemzik. A vizsgalt migracios folyamatokban az etnicitas strukturalis tenyezőkent es a migrans tapasztalatok ertelmezesi keretekent egyarant perdontő szerepet jatszik. Az etnikai migracio szakirodalomban targyalt mindharom magyarazo modellje – az anyaorszagba valo hazateres, a gazdasagi okokbol valo, illetve a kisebbsegi letben elszenvedett serelmek altal osztonzott migracio – alkalmas a migraciot kivalto es mozgato okok elemzesere, a migrans narrativak ertelmezesere, azt azonban nem allithatjuk, hogy barmelyikuk kizarolagos ervenyre tehet szert. Mas kutatokhoz hasonloan Rogers Brubaker meghatarozasat tartjuk a leginkabb gyumolcsozőnek, aki az etnikai migracio tag ertelmezeset hasznalva minden olyan vandorlasi folyamatot etnikai migracionak tekint, amelyben az etnicitas kulturalis es szimbolikus tőkekent szabalyozo szerepet jatszik. This special issue of Ter es Tarsadalom presents some results of an international research project carried out by researchers from Switzerland, Hungary and Serbia between 2010 and 2012. The topic of the research was “Integrating (Trans-)national Migrants in Transition States” (TRANSMIG) and was financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The research aimed to explore and interpret migration flows from the Vojvodina (Serbia) to Hungary and from ex-Yugoslav republics to the Vojvodina. In the first period of the last twenty years, wars which contributed to the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the formation of new national states have caused migration flows. After the change of the millennium, educational migration of Vojvodina Hungarian youth can be considered the most important migratory movement from the Vojvodina to Hungary. Labour (economic) migration also occurs, but this cannot be understood as a one-way movement, since in the Hungarian–Serbian border zone migrants from the Vojvodina who already resettled to Hungary commute to the Vojvodina. While interpreting the qualitative research data the theoretical frameworks and approaches of transnational space, transnationalism and ethnic migration were taken into consideration. The migration movement in question occurs in a transnational social space where migrants are in constant motion. By their movements and actions that space is continually recreated. With Ludger Pries we see a transnational migrant as an ideal type to whom individual migratory movements and positions only approximate. Based on our empirical results we can conclude that real pluri-local, intensive and long-lasting bonding to two places at the same time and the relating practices only characterise a minority of migrants and certain sections of migratory careers. In the migration processes studied, ethnicity as a term is needed as a “structural factor” and frame of interpretation to approach migrant experiences. All three explanatory models for ethnic migration – return migration, economic migration, migration motivated by grievances suffered in a minority situation – are suitable to analyse the reasons that initiated migration and kept it in motion. They are helpful in interpreting migrant narratives. However, none of the reasons can claim exclusive validity. Agreeing with other researchers, we find Roger Brubaker’s definition the most useful: Ethnic migration should be comprehended in a broad sense. In addition, every migration can be considered as “ethnically” motivated where ethnicity plays a dominant role as a cultural and symbolic capital.

Sprache als Mittel der „Grenzüberschreitung“ – von Hürden und vom „Brücken bauen“ in multikulturellen Regionen der Slowakei und Serbiens

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Sprache als Mittel der „Grenzuberschreitung“ in multikulturellen Regionen der Slowakei und Serbiens. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Rolle Sprache in den inter-ethnischen Beziehungen in Ostmitteleuropa spielt, welche Hurden existieren und aufgebaut werden, gleichzeitig aber auch, wie diese abgebaut werden konnen, oder versucht wird, diese abzubauen. Es geht dabei erstens um die Problematik des Sprachunterrichts in geteilten, multikulturellen Gesellschaften sowie den Herausforderungen fur Minderheiten in diesem Zusammenhang. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Initiativen der Zivilgesellschaft diskutiert und dabei Moglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie Grenzen mithilfe von Sprache gerade in einem politisch heiklen Umfeld uberwunden werden konnen.

Einführung der Herausgeber

Nie ist es einfach, ein vielschichtiges akademisches Lebenswerk in prägnante Formeln und griffige Titel zu bringen. Dennoch gab es große Einigkeit in der Gruppe der Herausgeber dieser Festschrift zum persönlichen Jubiläum von Univ.-Prof. Doris Wastl-Walter, dass der Ansatz des Überwindens von Grenzen – in manchen Momenten geradezu eine Abscheu vor engstirnigem Denken – ein lebenslanges Lebensprinzip war und ist. Das Motiv von „Grenzüberschreitenden Nachbarschaften“ erschien uns daher als die entsprechende Themenstellung.

Tanulmányi célú migráció, migráns élethelyzetek: vajdasági diákok Magyarországon

Educational migration is considered to be one of the most significant types of migration from Serbia to Hungary. During the last twenty years, many Hungarian families in the Vojvodina (the northern region of Serbia) have decided that after finishing primary school in Serbia, their children should pursue their secondary and tertiary education in Hungary. The present study analyses empirical data and aims to present the features of educational migration across the Serbian–Hungarian border. We define cross-border educational migration as a form of transnational migration, although the specificity of this migration is that migrants who are ethnic Hungarians move to a country which many of them considers as their mother country. The two-decades-old transnational educational migration at the Hungarian–Serbian border is a process determined by both ethnic and economic factors, and concerns primarily minority communities with Hungarian ethnic background on the Serbian side of the border. Previous research has shown, and we have also confirmed, that Hungarian national policy with its associated instruments is unable to fulfil its most important purpose, which is to safeguard the existence of an intellectual elite in Hungarian minority communities and to help them sustain an adequate livelihood in their country of birth. The analysis of migrants’ biographies have revealed the permanent push and pull factors and transmigrant networks, which not only foster educational migration but make it a supported, legitimate individual and family strategy as well. The educational form of transnational migration is characterised by migrants being linked to two worlds simultaneously, though the connection differs according to individual circumstances, and its intensity changes over time. Although the outcome of such transnational migration is considered to be open, our research indicates that in the majority of cases, it is the first step towards permanently leaving behind the country of birth. Thus strategies and decisions concerning children’s education are at the same time long-term migratory decisions and strategies.

On Linkages and Barriers: The Dynamics of Neighbourhood along the State Borders of Hungary since EU Enlargement

By contrast to the Hungarian-Austrian border discussed in Chapter 3 (the only ‘eastern’ one Hungary has), the borders between Hungary and its neighbours Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania discussed here relate to ‘Eastern’ — i.e. post-communist — neighbours. The eastern expansion of the EU has brought these countries into the new, shared neighbourhood of the EU and generated a process of Western integration. EU accession of Hungary and Slovakia in 2004, their incorporation into the Schengen zone at the end of 2007, and EU membership for Romania in 2007 have brought about major changes in the cross-border relations of this region. This has had implications for policies and neighbourhood relations at the transnational, national and local levels, but has also affected people’s everyday life in the border regions.