Belgin Gözmen

Oxidative degradations of reactive blue 4 dye by different advanced oxidation methods.

The degradations of an anthraquinone dye, the reactive blue 4 (RB4), were studied by wet air oxidation (WAO), wet peroxide oxidation (WPO), photocatalytic oxidation, and electro-Fenton (EF) advanced oxidation. The RB4 oxidation was evaluated by the decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) content and concentration. The most efficient method for mineralization of RB4 was WPO, but in all methods TOC removal efficiency was above 75% after 60 min of treatment.

Photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red 46 and Basic Yellow 28 in single and binary mixture by UV/TiO2/periodate system

The present study deals with the investigation of photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46) and C.I. Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) dyes in single and binary solutions as a function of periodate ion concentration (IO(4)(-)), irradiation time, initial pH and initial dye concentrations. First order derivative spectrophotometric method was used for to simultaneous analysis of BY28 and BR46 in binary mixtures. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was applied to experimental data and apparent reaction rate constant values were calculated. The apparent degradation rate constant values of BR46 were higher than those of BY28 for all experiments in single dye solutions. On the other hand, the significant reductions were observed for the apparent degradation rate constant values of the BR46 in the presence of BY28 in binary solutions whereas TOC removal efficiency slightly enhanced in binary system. The highest TOC removal efficiency was obtained at pH 3.0 by adding 5mM periodate ion in to the solution in the presence of 1g/L TiO(2) for both dye solutions. After 3h illumination, 68, 76 and 75% mineralization were found for 100mg/L BY28, 100mg/L BR46 and 50+50mg/L mixed solutions, respectively.

Degradation of Acid Red 274 using H2O2 in subcritical water: Application of response surface methodology

In this research, the degradation of Acid Red 274 (AR 274) was investigated under subcritical water conditions using H(2)O(2), which led to the oxidative degradation of Acid Red 274 up to its 80% of mineralization. The Box-Behnken design matrix and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied in designing the experiments for evaluating the interactive effects of the three most important operating variables. Thus, the interactive effects of temperature (100-250°C), oxidant (H(2)O(2)) concentration (50-250 mM), and time (30-60 min.) on the degradation of AR 274 were investigated. A total of 17 experiments were conducted in this research, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the proposed quadratic model could be used for navigating the design space. The proposed model was essentially in accordance with the experimental case with correlation coefficient R(2)=0.9930 and Adj-R(2)=0.9839, respectively. The results confirmed that RSM based on the Box-Behnken design was a compatible method for optimizing the operating conditions of AR 274 degradation.

Degradations of model compounds representing some phenolics in olive mill wastewater via electro‐Fenton and photoelectro‐Fenton treatments

The electrochemical oxidation of vanillic acid, o‐coumaric acid and protocatechuic acid, three representative toxic phenolics in olive mill wastewater, was studied using carbon felt cathode in the electro‐Fenton system. Results obtained, in the presence or absence of UV support, were compared throughout the degradation processes up to mineralization. It was demonstrated that all three phenolic compounds reacted completely with hydroxyl radicals and degraded efficiently. It was shown in the photoelectro‐Fenton process that the degradation and mineralization efficiency of the phenolic compounds were enhanced by the effect of UV light, especially at the later stages of the degradation processes.

Electrocoagulation and nanofiltration integrated process application in purification of bilge water using response surface methodology

Marine pollution has been considered an increasing problem because of the increase in sea transportation day by day. Therefore, a large volume of bilge water which contains petroleum, oil and hydrocarbons in high concentrations is generated from all types of ships. In this study, treatment of bilge water by electrocoagulation/electroflotation and nanofiltration integrated process is investigated as a function of voltage, time, and initial pH with aluminum electrode as both anode and cathode. Moreover, a commercial NF270 flat-sheet membrane was also used for further purification. Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology was used to study the response pattern and determine the optimum conditions for maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and minimum metal ion contents of bilge water. Three independent variables, namely voltage (5-15 V), initial pH (4.5-8.0) and time (30-90 min) were transformed to coded values. The COD removal percent, UV absorbance at 254 nm, pH value (after treatment), and concentration of metal ions (Ti, As, Cu, Cr, Zn, Sr, Mo) were obtained as responses. Analysis of variance results showed that all the models were significant except for Zn (P > 0.05), because the calculated F values for these models were less than the critical F value for the considered probability (P = 0.05). The obtained R(2) and Radj(2) values signified the correlation between the experimental data and predicted responses: except for the model of Zn concentration after treatment, the high R(2) values showed the goodness of fit of the model. While the increase in the applied voltage showed negative effects, the increases in time and pH showed a positive effect on COD removal efficiency; also the most effective linear term was found as time. A positive sign of the interactive coefficients of the voltage-time and pH-time systems indicated synergistic effect on COD removal efficiency, whereas interaction between voltage and pH showed an antagonistic effect.

Response Surface Methodological Approach to Optimize Microwave-assisted Extraction of Cayirhan Lignite

Microwave-assisted extraction of Cayirhan lignite was investigated using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction conditions. The controllable factors selected in the present investigation included the extraction temperature, extraction time, and solvent-to-coal ratio. The obtained results demonstrated that the extraction temperature was the most important factor, which had a positive influence on the extraction yield. The statistical model predicted that a higher extraction yield of up to 28% would be obtained at the following optimized conditions: an extraction temperature between 217–230°C, a solvent-to-coal ratio of 13.5, and an extraction time of 28–30 min.