Ben-Dong Fu

Xiang-Qi-Tang and its active components exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells

Abstract Xiang-Qi-Tang (XQT) is a Chinese herbal formula containing Cyperus rotundus, Astragalus membranaceus and Andrographis paniculata. Alpha-Cyperone (CYP), astragaloside IV (AS-IV) and andrographolide (AND) are the three major active components in this formula. XQT may modulate the inflammatory or coagulant responses. We therefore assessed the effects of XQT on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model of rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (RCMECs). XQT, CYP, AS-IV and AND inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and up-regulated the mRNA expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). XQT and CYP inhibited the secretion of tissue factor (TF). To further explore the mechanism, we found that XQT, or its active components CYP, AS-IV and AND significantly inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 phosphorylation protein expression as well as decreased the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 proteins in LPS-stimulated RCMECs. These results suggested that XQT and its active components inhibited the expression of inflammatory and coagulant mediators via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings may contribute to future research on the action mechanisms of this formula, as well as therapy for inflammation- or coagulation-related diseases.

Inhibitory effects of sulfated 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 on the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the most important ginsenosides in ginseng with anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. However, the extremely poor oral bioavailability induced by its low water solubility greatly limits the potency of Rh2 in vivo. In the previous study, we sulfated 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 with chlorosulfonic acid and pyridine method, and got one novel derivative, Rh2-B1, with higher water solubility and greater immunologic enhancement than Rh2. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of Rh2-B1 remains unclear. We therefore investigated the effects of Rh2-B1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that Rh2-B1 dramatically inhibited LPS-induced overproduction of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Consistently, the protein and mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 were remarkably decreased by Rh2-B1. In addition, Rh2-B1 significantly suppressed the phosphorylations of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal receptor-activated kinase 1/2 induced by LPS. Rh2-B1 was further shown to inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation into the nucleus by suppressing IκBα degradation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Rh2-B1 inhibits the release of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators through blocking mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB signaling pathways, suggesting that sulfated ginsenosides could be potential agents for anti-inflammatory therapies.

Fumaric acid, an antibacterial component of Aloe vera L.

1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and IR spectra, this compound was determined to be fumaric acid. This study concluded that fumaric acid is one of the antibacterial components in A. vera .

Sulfated derivatives of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and mediators

Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the most important ginsenosides in ginseng with antitumor, antidiabetic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the extremely poor oral bioavailability induced by its low water solubility greatly limits the potency of Rh2 in clinical use. Therefore, in this study we sulfated 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 with chlorosulfonic acid and pyridine method, and got two new sulfated derivatives, Rh2-B1 and Rh2-B2, with higher water solubility. Their chemical structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, MS and NMR). Additionally, Rh2-B1 and Rh2-B2 had the greater anti-inflammatory effects than Rh2 through inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and mediators in LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 macrophages cells. These results suggested that the sulfated modification of Rh2 improved its water solubility and the sulfated derivatives could be more potential candidates for developing as anti-inflammatory agents.

Andrographolide interferes quorum sensing to reduce cell damage caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) induce septicemia in chickens by invading type II pneumocytes to breach the blood-air barrier. The virulence of APEC can be regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Andrographolide is a QS inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Therefore, we investigate whether andrographolide inhibits the injury of chicken type II pneumocytes by avian pathogenic E. coli O78 (APEC-O78) by disrupting the bacterial QS system. The results showed that sub-MIC of andrographolide significantly reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), F-actin cytoskeleton polymerization, and the degree of the adherence to chicken type II pneumocytes induced by APEC-O78. Further, we found that andrographolide significantly decreased the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity and the expression of virulence factors of APEC-O78. These results suggest that andrographolide reduce the pathogenicity of APEC-O78 in chicken type II pneumocytes by interfering QS and decreasing virulence. These results provide new evidence for colibacillosis prevention methods in chickens.

Peimine impairs pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion through the inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and MAPK in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.

Abstract In the previous study, we found that peimine has good anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of peimine remains unclear. We, therefore, assessed the effects of peimine on inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that peimine (0–25 mg/L) significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and increased IL-10 production. Furthermore, peimine significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as decreased p65 and IκB. The present results indicate that peimine inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS through blocking MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Inhibitory effects of α-cyperone on adherence and invasion of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 to chicken type II pneumocytes

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli, and usually cause avian septicemia through breaching the blood-gas barrier. Type II pneumocytes play an important role of maintaining the function of the blood-gas barrier. However, the mechanism of APEC injuring type II pneumocytes remains unclear. α-cyperone can inhibit lung cell injury induced by Staphylococcus aureus. In order to explore whether α-cyperone regulates the adherence and invasion of APEC-O78 to chicken type II pneumocytes, we successfully cultured chicken type II pneumocytes. The results showed that α-cyperone significantly decreased the adherence of APEC-O78 to chicken type II pneumocytes. In addition, α-cyperone inhibited actin cytoskeleton polymerization induced by APEC-O78 through down regulating the expression of Nck-2, Cdc42 and Rac1. These results provide new evidence for the prevention of colibacillosis in chicken.

Ginsenoside Rh2-B1 stimulates cell proliferation and IFN-γ production by activating the p38 MAPK and ERK-dependent signaling pathways in CTLL-2 cells

Abstract Context: Ginsenoside Rh2, an active component of ginseng, exhibits immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Rh2-B1, a sulfated derivative, was prepared to enhance its water solubility. We studied the effect of Rh2-B1 on CTLL-2, a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell line that was known for protecting against viral infection. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effect of Rh2-B1 on interferon (IFN)-γ production and cell proliferation and its possible mechanism. Materials and methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to analyze the IFN-γ concentration of the whole blood and the supernatant of CTLL-2 cell culture. Cell proliferation assay was conducted using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Western blots were used to evaluate changes in signal transduction pathways in CTLL-2 cells. Results: Rh2-B1 was able to enhance IFN-γ production from whole blood culture of Balb/c mice. We then evaluated the effect of Rh2-B1 on a cytotoxic T cell line, CTLL-2 for cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and its molecular mechanism. Rh2-B1 promoted cell proliferation and IFN-γ production of CTLL-2 cells. It also induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), but inhibited p56 Lck and transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) expression. The effect was blocked by the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and ERK inhibitor U0126. Conclusion: Rh2-B1 could stimulate cell proliferation and IFN-γ production by activating the p38 MAPK- and ERK-dependent signaling pathways in cytotoxic T cells. This may be a novel medicine for treatment of viral infections.

Telocinobufagin enhances the Th1 immune response and protects against Salmonella typhimurium infection

Ideal potential vaccine adjuvants to stimulate a Th1 immune response are urgently needed to control intracellular infections in clinical applications. Telocinobufagin (TBG), an active component of Venenum bufonis, exhibits immunomodulatory activity. Therefore, we investigated whether TBG enhances the Th1 immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) and formalin-inactivated Salmonella typhimurium (FIST) in mice. TBG augmented serum OVA- and FIST-specific IgG and IgG2a and the production of IFNγ by antigen-restimulated splenocytes. TBG also dramatically enhanced splenocyte proliferative responses to concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide, and OVA and substantially increased T-bet mRNA levels and the CD3(+)/CD3(+)CD4(+)/CD3(+)CD8(+) phenotype in splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice. In in vivo protection studies, TBG significantly decreased the bacterial burdens in the spleen and prolonged the survival time of FIST-immunized mice challenged with live S. typhimurium. In vivo neutralization of IFNγ with anti-IFNγ mAbs led to a significant reduction in FIST-specific IgG2a and IFNγ levels and in anti-Salmonella effect in TBG/FIST-immunized mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that TBG enhances a Th1 immune response to control intracellular infections.

Rutin inhibits quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

The study aimed to investigate whether rutin affects the quorum sensing (QS) of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). In this study, APEC-O78 was selected as the test strain. We mainly examined the effects of rutin on the AI-2 secretion by bioluminescence assay, biofilm formation through a crystal violet staining method, and expression of virulence genes of APEC by qRT-PCR. We found that rutin can significantly interfering with QS through reducing the secretion of AI-2, inhibited the biofilm formation, and reduced the expression of virulence genes of APEC. Moreover, rutin markedly decreased adhesion and damage of APEC to chicken type II pneumocytes. These results suggested rutin reduces cell damage of APEC-infected chicken type II pneumocytes through interfering with QS via decreasing AI-2 production, biofilm formation, and the expression of virulence genes. This paper may provide a new evidence for colibacillosis prevention in chicken.