Benjamin R. Hines

Early to middle Eocene magneto-biochronology of the southwest Pacific Ocean and climate influence on sedimentation: Insights from the Mead Stream section, New Zealand

The Mead Stream section (South Island, New Zealand) consists of a 650-m-thick series of continuous, well-exposed strata deposited on a South Pacific continental slope from the Late Cretaceous to the middle Eocene. We examined the uppermost Paleocene–middle Eocene part of the section, which consists of ∼360 m of limestone and marl, for detailed magnetic polarity stratigraphy and calcareous nannofossil and foraminifera biostratigraphy. Magneto-biostratigraphic data indicate that the section straddles magnetic polarity chrons from C24r to C18n, calcareous nannofossil zones from NP9a to NP17 (CNP11–CNE15, following a recently revised Paleogene zonation), and from the Waipawan to the Bortonian New Zealand stages (i.e., from the base of the Ypresian to the Bartonian international stages). The Mead Stream section thus encompasses 17 m.y. (56–39 Ma) of southwest Pacific Ocean history. The ages of calcareous nannofossil biohorizons are consistent with low- to midlatitude data from the literature, indicating that during the early–middle Eocene, the low- to midlatitude calcareous nannofossil domain extended at least to ∼50°S–55°S in the South Pacific. Correlation of the magnetic polarity stratigraphy from the Mead Stream section with the geomagnetic polarity time scale allows us to derive sediment accumulation rates (SAR), which range between 8 and 44 m/m.y. Comparing the SAR with paleotemperature proxy records, we found that two intervals of increased SAR occurred during the early Eocene climatic optimum (52–50 Ma) and during the transient warming event peaking with the middle Eocene climatic optimum (40.5 Ma). This correlation indicates that, at Mead Stream, the climate evolution of the early–middle Eocene is recorded in a sedimentation pattern whereby, on a million-year time scale, warmer climate promoted continental weathering, transportation, and accumulation of terrigenous sediments.

Paleocene–Eocene stratigraphy and paleoenvironment at Tora, Southeast Wairarapa, New Zealand

The Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleogene sedimentary rocks at Tora, southeast Wairarapa, are considered to form a transitional sedimentary succession within the East Coast Basin, containing elements of both the siliciclastic succession to the north in the eastern North Island and the pelagic succession to the south in eastern Marlborough. However, the Tora succession is complicated by rapid lateral facies changes, numerous unconformities and unusual occurrences of coarse-grained facies in what is more typically a rather monotonous fine-grained passive-margin sequence. We interpret the uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene units (Manurewa, Awhea, Mungaroa and Awheaiti formations) as components within a middle to lower bathyal, submarine channel and fan complex that unconformably overlies the Upper Cretaceous Rakauroa Member of the Whangai Formation. The two overlying Lower–Upper Eocene units (Pukemuri Siltstone, Wanstead Formation) both consist of a basal debris-flow deposit grading into middle bathyal mudstone, deposited during progressive marine transgression and deepening to lower bathyal–abyssal depths.