Benoy Anand

Enhanced optical limiting in functionalized hydrogen exfoliated graphene and its metal hybrids

We present the mechanism and performance of optical limiting (OL) in hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG), functionalized HEG (f-HEG) and its metal hybrids. At the wavelengths used, the mechanism of nonlinear absorption (NLA) involves two-photon absorption and excited state absorption in the nanosecond excitation regime, and saturable absorption in combination with two-photon absorption in the femtosecond (ultrafast) excitation regime. The role of defects in the OL performance of HEG and f-HEG is investigated with the help of their Raman spectra. OL efficiency of f-HEG is found to improve with Pt and Pd nanoparticle decoration due to an enhanced NLA, which arises mainly from interband transitions between the d band and the s–p conduction band in the metal NPs, and charge transfer between f-HEG and metal NPs. Thermally induced light scattering is negligible in these water dispersed systems.

Nonlinear optical properties of boron doped single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit excellent nonlinear optical (NLO) properties due to the delocalized π electron states present along their tube axis. Using the open aperture Z-scan method in tandem with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate the simultaneous tailoring of both electronic and NLO properties of SWCNTs, from ultrafast (femtosecond) to relatively slow (nanosecond) timescales, by doping with a single substituent, viz., boron. SWCNTs were doped via a wet chemical method using B2O3, and the boron content and bonding configurations were identified using XPS. While in the ns excitation regime, the nonlinear absorption was found to increase with increasing boron concentration in the SWCNTs (due to the increasing disorder and enhanced metallicity of the SWCNTs), the saturation intensity in the fs excitation regime decreased. We attribute this counter-intuitive behavior to excited state absorption on ns timescales, and saturable absorption combined with weak two-photon transitions on fs timescales between van Hove singularities.

Optical diode action from axially asymmetric nonlinearity in an all-carbon solid-state device.

Nanostructured carbons are posited to offer an alternative to silicon and lead to further miniaturization of photonic and electronic devices. Here, we report the experimental realization of the first all-carbon solid-state optical diode that is based on axially asymmetric nonlinear absorption in a thin saturable absorber (graphene) and a thin reverse saturable absorber (C60) arranged in tandem. This all-optical diode action is polarization independent and has no phase-matching constraints. The nonreciprocity factor of the device can be tuned by varying the number of graphene layers and the concentration or thickness of the C60 coating. This ultracompact graphene/C60 based optical diode is versatile with an inherently large bandwidth, chemical and thermal stability, and is poised for cost-effective large-scale integration with existing fabrication technologies.

Enhanced optical limiting and carrier dynamics in metal oxide-hydrogen exfoliated graphene hybrids

Hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG) is an interesting class of few-layer graphene, which is synthesized via hydrogen induced simultaneous exfoliation-reduction of graphite oxide. HEG exhibits strong optical limiting (OL) due to defect states arising from a large number of structural defects as well as oxygen functionalities present on its surface. Recently, we have shown that OL in HEG can be improved by simple acid functionalization, as it results in an increased number of defects. In the present study, we demonstrate that the OL performance of functionalized HEG (f-HEG) can be further improved, in both the short-pulse (nanosecond) and ultrafast (femtosecond) laser excitation regimes, using hybrids of f-HEG with transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as CuO. The enhancement in the OL efficiency of the hybrid arises from strong nonlinear absorption in CuO NPs, which is determined mostly by interband and intraband transitions. The presence of defect states in the samples is confirmed using ultrafast pump–probe measurements, which reveal a delayed carrier relaxation due to carrier trapping by these states. Furthermore, we show that the occurrence of induced thermal scattering is minimal in these water dispersed systems, such that OL occurs predominantly due to nonlinear absorption.

Evidence for surface states in pristine and Co-doped ZnO nanostructures: magnetization and nonlinear optical studies

An unexpected presence of ferromagnetic (FM) ordering in nanostructured ZnO has been reported previously. Recently, from our detailed magnetization studies and ab initio calculations, we attributed this FM ordering in nanostructured ZnO to the presence of surface states, and a direct correlation between the magnetic properties and crystallinity of ZnO was observed. In this study, through a systematic sample preparation of both pristine and Co-doped ZnO nanostructures, and detailed magnetization and nonlinear optical (NLO) measurements, we confirm that the observed FM ordering is due to the presence of surface states.

Spectral dispersion of ultrafast optical limiting in Coumarin-120 by white-light continuum Z-scan

Measurement of the wavelength dispersion of optical limiting in materials can provide invaluable information useful for laser safety device applications. However, it can be a tedious task when conventional tunable laser sources like the optical parametric amplifier are employed for excitation. Here we report the spectral dispersion of ultrafast optical limiting in the laser dye Coumarin-120 in the wavelength region 630 to 900 nm, measured in a single Z-scan, using the white-light continuum as the excitation source. Optical limiting is found to arise from two-photon absorption, and its spectrum agrees very well in shape with the linear absorption spectrum.

Dopant-configuration controlled carrier scattering in graphene

Controlling optical and electronic properties of graphene via substitutional doping is central to many fascinating applications. Doping graphene with boron (B) or nitrogen (N) has led to p- or n-type graphene; however, the electron mobility in doped-graphene is severely compromised due to increased electron-defect scattering. Here, we demonstrate through Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optical and ultrafast spectroscopy, and density functional theory that the graphitic dopant configuration is stable in graphene and does not significantly alter electron–electron or electron–phonon scattering, that is otherwise present in doped graphene, by preserving the crystal coherence length (La).

Nonlinear optical properties of nitrogen-doped bilayer graphene

The electronic properties of graphene can be controlled by substitutional doping to obtain p-type or n-type characteristics. To this end, bilayer graphene films are synthesized using CVD method and substitutionally doped with Nitrogen (N). Previously, XPS measurements done in tandem with Raman spectroscopy revealed that the rich chemistry between carbon and nitrogen can result in pyridinic, pyrrolic, or graphitic configurations. The nonlinear optical properties (NLO) of both pristine and N-doped graphene samples are studied in both nanosecond and femtosecond excitation regimes using open aperture Z-scan method. Similar to the previous observations with Raman spectroscopy, we see that the NLO properties are more sensitive to the local bonding environments which determine the defect density in the graphene lattice, rather than just the dopant percentage. Our results give more insights into the effect of defects on the NLO properties of doped graphene which help in tailor making graphene samples for applications like modelocking and optical switching.

Effects of substitutional doping on the nonlinear optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Using open aperture z-scan measurements in tandem with XPS measurements and Raman spectroscopy, we show that nonlinear optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes can be tailored by substitutional doping with Boron.