Beverley Summers

Evaluating the Photoprotective Effects of Ochre on Human Skin by In Vivo SPF Assessment: Implications for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Dispersal

Archaeological indicators of cognitively modern behaviour become increasingly prevalent during the African Middle Stone Age (MSA). Although the exploitation of ochre is viewed as a key feature of the emergence of modern human behaviour, the uses to which ochre and ochre-based mixtures were put remain ambiguous. Here we present the results of an experimental study exploring the efficacy of ochre as a topical photoprotective compound. This is achieved through the in vivo calculation of the sun protection factor (SPF) values of ochre samples obtained from Ovahimba women (Kunene Region, Northern Namibia) and the Palaeozoic Bokkeveld Group deposits of the Cape Supergroup (Western Cape Province, South Africa). We employ visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and granulometric analyses to characterise ochre samples. The capacity of ochre to inhibit the susceptibility of humans to the harmful effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is confirmed and the mechanisms implicated in the efficacy of ochre as a sunscreen identified. It is posited that the habitual application of ochre may have represented a crucial innovation for MSA humans by limiting the adverse effects of ultraviolet exposure. This may have facilitated the colonisation of geographic regions largely unfavourable to the constitutive skin colour of newly arriving populations.

Chemical analysis and in vitro UV-protection characteristics of clays traditionally used for sun protection in South Africa.

Clays have been used in southern Africa as photoprotectants by the indigenous people. Typically, two types of clay are used: one white in colour and the other red. In this work, the two clays were identified and characterized, and their in vitro SPF values measured. The clays afford a low SPF but offer broad‐spectrum protection. No cutaneous side effects from the use of these clays are known. Further consideration should be given to the potential use of clays in sunscreen preparations.

The effect of a topically-applied cosmetic oil formulation on striae distensae

Abstract Background: Stretch marks or striae distensae are tears in the dermis, above which the epidermis remains intact. Striae result from rapid expansion of the underlying tissue, e.g. during puberty, pregnancy or rapid weight gain. The prevalence of striae is high (up to 80% in most populations). Many of the successful treatment modalities for striae (laser, surgery, prescription-only medication) entail high costs, often with the involvement of private medical practitioners. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of a topical application (Bio-Oil™) on striae in 20 healthy Caucasian women. The study was performed according to standard good clinical practice guidelines. Methods: The study was conducted among 20 healthy Caucasian women with bilateral abdominal striae. The women used the test product on one side of their abdomen twice a day for 12 weeks, and their normal moisturising routine on the other side. Assessment methods were: 1) subjective visual self-assessment, using both the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and a directed difference (i.e. comparison of sides), and 2) objective laboratory visual assessment (blinded) using the same scales. Results: The subjective visual self-assessment yielded statistical significance at four weeks in terms of improvement of the treated striae when compared to the untreated sites, using both the POSAS and directed difference. Objective laboratory visual assessment, using the POSAS and directed difference, showed a statistical improvement on the treated side from week 2 onwards. Conclusions: The test product (Bio-Oil™) significantly improved the appearance of striae on the treated side of the abdomen as assessed by both subjective and objective assessments. This study has shown that it is possible to improve the appearance of striae with the topical application of a relatively low-cost, non-medicinal product.

The bioavailability, absorption characteristics and formulation of four commercially-available controlled-release theophylline products

Abstract The multiplicity of sustained-release preparations of theophylline. the variety of formulations used and the efficacy claims for the products led to the need for a comparative bioavailability study. Direct in vivo methods were applied to 4 products and a standard preparation. The extent of bioavailability of the 4 products examined, measured relative to a standard solution of theophylline, varied from (mean ± S.D.): 78% ± 40% to 123% ± 23%. Cumulative absorption profiles determined using the Wagner-Nelson method also showed large differences among products. The results are discussed with reference to formulation of the products. Older methods of controlling the release of drugs from solid oral forms performed relatively poorly compared with modern systems.

Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure and human health in South Africa: finding a balance.

In considering the likelihood of South Africa (SA) attaining the 2015 Millennium Development Goals, many health issues require urgent attention. The adverse effect of insufficient or excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may exacerbate an already stressed public health service. These concerns become important when considering climate variability and patterns of behaviour.

Facial skin-lightening benefits of the tetrapeptide Pro-Lys-Glu-Lys on subjects with skin types V–VI living in South Africa

Background  Irregular skin pigmentation may be a substantial contributor to the signs of aging and to a person’s lack of psychological well‐being. Although a large number of skin‐lightening agents are available, the opportunity exists to identify more efficacious agents, agents that target alternative biological mechanisms.

Sun protection factor of South African-tested sunscreens

This letter seeks to to shed some light and rationality on the recent confusion surrounding the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)-initiated ultraviolet A (UVA) test results on some South African (SA) sunscreens.

EVALUATION OF A COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS WORKSHOP FOR HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS

The ability to communicate is an essential requirement for effective practice. Until recently, however, pharmacy students received no training in this area. The resultant inadequacy was carried forward into practice. Only now has the omission been recognized and attempts made to improve the situation among practising pharmacists. We designed an 8‐h workshop on communication skills. It covered the basic principles of communication (Workbook A—preparatory work before the workshop) and their application (Workbook B + case studies, exercises and role‐playing—during the workshop). The workshop was presented to a group of hospital pharmacists in the Western Cape. At the end of the workshop participants completed a questionnaire on its usefulness, applicability and presentation on a five‐point scale. Responses were counted, averaged and analysed by sex and age. Although the ratings were uniformly high (average 4·3 out of a possible 5·0) there were differences between men and women and between older and younger pharmacists. The possible reasons for and implications of these differences are discussed.

Solar ultraviolet radiation in South Africa: clinical consequences for the skin

Due to its latitude, topography and cloudless skies, South Africa receives high solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). This country has a multi-ethnic population classified into black, colored, Asian and white groups, who have varying degrees of response to sun exposure. In this review, information relating to the effects of solar UVR on skin cancer development, oculocutaneous albinism, melasma, the immune system and vitamin D production are discussed in the context of the peoples of South Africa. Methods of personal photoprotection are included. Effective sun safety messages for the public need to be developed, particularly aimed at the most susceptible groups, while recognizing the issues associated with variations in skin color in the South African population.