Bf Sule

Compact fluorescent lamps and electricity consumption trend in residential buildings in Ilorin, Nigeria

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the electricity consumption trend in residential buildings using incandescent lamps and retrofitting with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs).Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were administered to capture the necessary data from three randomly selected residential estates in Ilorin, Nigeria. In total, 8,840 sampled incandescent lamps were retrofitted with CFLs. The electric energy in kilowatt hour (kWh) consumed prior to replacement for three months was compared with kWh consumption after retrofitting and analyzed employing t‐tests.Findings – The three‐month average electricity consumption of ten households for the University of Ilorin GRA quarters and Lower Niger River Basin staff quarters pre‐ and post‐installation were 20,259 and 13,010 kWh, and 46,891 and 29,588 kWh, respectively. Results show that there were significant differences between the observed and tabulated values for the pre‐ and post‐installation of CFLs, respectively, at 5 per cent...

Framework to Determine the Optimal Spatial Location and Number of Municipal Solid Waste Bins in a Developing World Urban Neighborhood

AbstractDetermining the optimal location and quantity of waste bins for the collection of municipal solid wastes is challenging because it influences service coverage and public satisfaction, and is often influenced by economic and environmental constraints. This study develops a framework that applies a geographic information system for siting municipal waste bins and determines the optimum quantity of waste bins using an analytic hierarchy process. The framework was applied to a neighborhood in a developing world city (Ilorin, Nigeria). The spatial performance of specific quantities of waste bins was evaluated for social, economic, and environmental effects, as determined from p-median solutions using field-collected solid waste generation data and operational data for the collection vehicles. For the study site, the most optimal solution is five waste bins whose spatial location utilized their capacities and produced less comparative negative effects. The result represents a starting point for extensio...

A Survey of Use of Electric Lamps and Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings in Selected Estates in Ilorin, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Energy utilization is substantial in the household sector because there is considerable energy loss due to the use of traditional incandescent lighting. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how successful replacement of incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) can bring about a possible reduction in electricity consumption in residential households. Questionnaires were administered to capture the needed data from four randomly selected residential estates in Ilorin, Nigeria, and these were analyzed using statistical analysis. Results obtained show that University of Ilorin GRA Quarters (Estate A) had 66 households, with a total of 1,082 (90.09%) incandescent lamps, 73 (6.07%) fluorescent lamps, and 10 (0.83%) halogen lamps, while there were 36 (3%) CFLs. The Lower Niger River Basin (Estate B) had 156 households, with a total of 2,767 (79.99%) incandescent lamps, 173 (5.01%) fluorescent lamps, and 485 (14.02%) halogen lamps, while there were 34 (0.98%) CFLs. The Mandate I&II H...

Economic Sustainability of Integrated Hydropower Development of Ero-Omola Falls, Kwara State, Nigeria

Economic sustainability of integrated hydropower development of Ero-Omola Fall was investigated in compliance with Hydropower Sustainability Development Protocol (HSDP) developed by International Hydropower Association (IHA) in 2004. Field work was carried out to obtain primary data like streamflows, sediment characteristics, petrographic information, water quality, water quantity demand, hydropower load demand and land topography. Economic optimization of hydropower generating potential of Ero-Omola Fall, integrated with water supply, irrigation and drainage was carried out based on the data obtained from the field work. The potential hydropower of Ero-Omola Water Fall was estimated at 8.0 MW, Water supply to communities is estimated at 18 Mm3/day, irrigation water for Fadama farmers at 2.2 × 106 m3 and ecological water release of 0.0504 × 106 m3 were also derivable from the scheme. The modified internal rate of return for hydropower, water supply and irrigation yielded the highest returns of 13 % on capital, while hydropower alone yielded 5 %. The NPV of cumulative generated cash flows is positive, which indicates that the project would not operate at a loss. The findings also showed that, the sustainable conjunctive use of hydropower releases is the most sustainable mitigation measures against seasonal flooding downstream of the proposed hydropower plant. The study has established a rational basis for the assessment of a typical medium scale hydropower plant which could be adopted for similar locations in Nigeria.

OPTIMUM PARAMETER SELECTION FOR THE MORPHOMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHEDS: A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL NIGERIA

Hydrological models are very useful for predictions in many ungauged basins across the world. There are many hydrological models available for discharge data generation with different complexities and varied input parameter requirements. Studies have shown that models with many input parameters do not necessarily perform better than those with few input parameters. Basin morphometric parameters play significant roles in the conversion of rainfall to runoff and obtaining good estimates of these parameters for use in runoff models is sometime challenging as Inaccurate input into models can propagate errors and make the models to perform poorly. This study employs the method of principal component analysis to reduce the number of morphometric parameters required to run a runoff model without losing any major information. Parameters for five selected study basins in central Nigeria were measured and analysed. The result shows that three morphometric parameters (Fitness Ratio, Ruggedness Number and Watershed Eccentricity) can adequately represent other parameters as an input into a runoff model for the basins. This reduces significantly the time and effort needed to compute all the parameters which in actual fact may not improve the quality or efficiency of the runoff model.

Resource assessment and feasibility study for the generation of hydrokinetic power in the tailwaters of selected hydropower stations in Nigeria

Abstract This paper focuses on assessing the potential and feasibility of increasing the hydropower production of Nigeria’s three main hydropower stations by installing hydrokinetic turbines behind the existing dams. The hydrokinetic turbines will capture additional power from the energy remaining in water currents exiting draft-tube outlets and tailraces of the dams. A 2.54 m2 prototype hydrokinetic turbine system being developed by the National Centre for Hydropower Research and Development, Nigeria was used to theoretically estimate the increased power generation capability of the stations. Preliminary results showed that there are considerable potentials in the range of kilowatts and megawatts in each hydropower station to augment the existing power infrastructure and this can be harnessed to alleviate the existing power problems in the country. It may also be an additional way of generating clean energy to mitigate the effect of climate change.

Evaluation of the Hydropower Generation Potential of a Dam Using Optimization Techniques: Application to Doma Dam, Nassarawa, in North Central Nigeria

Abstract Optimization models have been developed to maximize annual energy generation from the Doma dam, subject to the constraint of releases for irrigation, ecological purposes, the water supply, the maximum yield from the reservoir and reservoir storage. The model was solved with LINGO software for various mean annual inflow exceedence probabilities. Two scenarios of hydropower retrofitting were considered. Scenario 1, with the reservoir inflows at 50%, 75%, and 90% probabilities of exceedence, gives the total annual hydropower as 0.531 MW, 0.450 MW and 0.291 MW, respectively. The corresponding values for scenario 2 were 0.615 MW, 0.507 MW, and 0.346 MW respectively. The study also considered increasing the reservoir’s live storage to 32.63Mm3 by taking part of the flood storage so that the maximum draft increases to 7 Mm3. With this upper limit of storage and draft with reservoir inflows of 50%, 75% and 90% probabilities of exceedence, the hydropower generated increased to 0.609 MW, 0.540 MW, and 0.347 MW respectively for the scenario 1 arrangement, while those of scenario 2 increased to 0.699 MW, 0.579MW and 0.406 MW respectively. The results indicate that the Doma Dam is suitable for the production of hydroelectric power and that its generation potential is between 0.61 MW and 0.70 MW.

Selection of an Appropriate Interpolation Method for Rainfall Data In Central Nigeria

Interpolation technique can be used to establish the rainfall data at the location of interest from available data. There are many interpolation methods in use with various limitations and likelihood of errors. This study applied five interpolation methods to existing rainfall data in central Nigeria to determine the most appropriate method that returned the best prediction of rainfall at an ungauged site. The methods include the inverse distance wieight method and four variants of universal kriging (spherical,exponential,gaussian and power). The Guassian model of Kriging yielded the least root mean square error for monthly rainfall interpolation and is therefore recommended for use on monthly rainfall data in Nigeria. Key Words: Rainfall, Boxplots, Kriging, Interpolation,Variograms, Gaussian

Trip time model for municipal solid waste collection applicable to developing countries

Municipal authorities in developing countries are faced with how to effectively and efficiently collect solid wastes from service points to disposal sites. Options for economy of time and improvement in the efficiency of collection operation can best be evaluated by conducting a time and motion study on an existing system. This study presents the development of a simulation model that calculates the time required to accomplish a solid waste collection trip. In order to determine a collection trip time, the collection operation was separated into units and the time required to perform each of these unit operations was simulated from field data. Results from the studied collection vehicle showed that the average pickup time was 1.68 minutes/trip, the average drop-down rate was 1.8 minutes/trip, and the average at-site time was 1.38 minutes/trip. The average time spent at intersections and turns was approximately 0.38 minutes and 0.18 minutes respectively. The haul time to the disposal site represented 0.034 of the travel distance to the disposal site, while the haul time from the disposal site represented 0.030 of the travel distance from the disposal site. When the model was applied to municipal solid waste collection in Ilorin, Nigeria, the estimated trip times were approximately 84% of the observed trip times. The estimated trip times by the model can find practical application as a decision support tool for municipal solid waste managers in areas of trip assignments, route design, logistics management and costs and emission reduction strategies.

A New Approach For Locating Public Standpipes In A Water Supply Distribution Network

ABSTRACT The majority of houses in Nigeria do not have direct connections to water supply mains. These households obtain water from public standpipes for their daily needs. Presently, the criteria which are employed to locate the standpipes are not clearly defined. A new approach using simulation techniques is proposed for finding the number and location of public standpipes, so as to improve the efficiency of water delivery services. In a case study of the Alanamu ward in Ilorin, it was found that 17 standpipes are optimal to provide a 100% service level for a population of 42,000 people. The maximum service distance would be 650 m roundtrip Economically nearly N96,000 [N = naira, N1.00 =