Bighnaraj Panigrahi

Energy-Efficient Greedy Forwarding Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In a wireless sensor network, as the sensor nodes have limited energy, it is important to minimize nodal energy consumption due to message communication to extend the network lifetime. Existing forwarding protocols either do not consider network performance and energy saving jointly, or they are not distributed. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach, called minimum consumption maximum remaining energy (MIN-MAX-E) forwarding, which combines minimum energy consumption of transmitter-receiver pair along with maximum remaining energy of the receiver in making a relay node selection decision. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed algorithm offers a significantly improved energy saving performance with respect to the existing energy-aware approaches.

A greedy minimum energy consumption forwarding protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy consumption is a vital resource to be controlled to extend the longevity of a wireless sensor network. In a multihop routing, lifetime as well as throughput of the network could be increased by selecting the forwarding node intelligently. The existing energy-aware routing protocols either do not jointly consider the network performance and energy saving, or they are not distributed. In this paper, we propose an efficient greedy forwarding protocol, called minimum energy consumption forwarding, which selects a forwarding node on the basis of minimum transmit and receive energy consumption per successful packet transmission per unit Euclidean distance progress toward the destination, in a distributed fashion. In the proposed algorithm, at each hop the forwarding decision can be either taken by the transmitter at each forwarding node or the best forwarder can be elected by some kind of election contention mechanism. Through network simulations we have shown that the proposed energy consumption minimizing distributed forwarding strategy outperforms the greedy geographic forwarding algorithm in terms of increasing the network lifetime and end-to-end throughput. The proposed algorithm can be easily retrofitted in the already developed network capable wireless sensor nodes.

Performance evaluation of caching policies in NDN - an ICN architecture

Information Centric Networking (ICN) advocates the philosophy of accessing the content independent of its location. Owing to this location independence in ICN, the routers en-route can be enabled to cache the content to serve the future requests for the same content locally. Several ICN architectures have been proposed in the literature along with various caching algorithms for caching and cache replacement at the routers en-route. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate various caching policies using Named Data Networking (NDN), an ICN architecture proposed in literature. We have presented the performance comparison of different caching policies naming First In First Out (FIFO), Least Recently Used (LRU), and Universal Caching (UC) in two network models; Watts-Strogatz (WS) model (suitable for dense short link networks such as sensor networks) and Sprint topology (better suited for large Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks) using ndnSIM, an ns3 based discrete event simulator for NDN architecture. Our results indicate that UC outperforms other caching policies such as LRU and FIFO and makes UC a better alternative for both sensor networks and ISP networks.

Fair and Efficient Listen Before Talk (LBT) Technique for LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) Networks

Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) has been proposedby 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in order touse Long Term Evolution (LTE) in the un-licensed band. Asthe centralized control of LAA has to co-exist with existingdistributed Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), efficient Listen Before Talk(LBT) technique is required to reduce interference and improvespectral efficiency. In this paper, we have proposed an LBTmechanism which attempts to share the medium in a fair mannerand improves the WiFi as well as combined (WiFi-LAA) systemperformances significantly. We have analyzed for enhanced Dis-tributed Coordination Function (DCF) model for LAA. We havealso observed network performance of the proposed LBT modelfor WiFi-LAA co-existence in the un-licensed spectrum usingNetwork Simulator (NS-3). The simulation based observationsare very much similar to that of the Matlab based analyticalresults. Also, observed results indicate that with proper choiceof LAA channel occupancy and back-off counter, WiFi as wellas overall system gain can be achieved.

Energy and spectral efficient direct Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication for cellular Internet of Things (IoT) networks

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is expected to be one of the major application areas of cellular communications in near future. In cellular M2M communication, although, the gateway layer provides smooth management to underlaying cellular networks, it over-burdens the network in terms of delay and bandwidth utilization. Therefore, with the recent advancements in direct Device-to-Device (D2D) communication in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, it becomes an effective strategy to use D2D techniques in cellular M2M networks. In this paper, we have proposed a novel direct M2M technique which uses D2D communication and offloading principles. In the proposed scheme, instead of communicating via gateway nodes, close proximity M2M devices can directly communicate among themselves using D2D communication. The proposed method shows promising gain in Quality of Services (QoS) in terms of delay and throughput for cellular M2M networks in addition to the total energy consumption. The proposed direct M2M communication technique can also be used to realize the smart technologies such as smart home/ village/city in an energy and spectral efficient way.

Impact of interference on nodal communication range in wireless ad hoc networks

In a distributed control wireless ad hoc network, multi-user interference plays a significant role in determining one-to-one communication throughput performance of the network. Although the effects of exposed/hidden terminals on the network throughput in a single-channel wireless ad hoc network have been extensively studied, the interference power computation at the receiver and its effect on the acceptable communication range has not been analyzed in the literature. In this paper, via probabilistic analysis we capture the total interference power that a receiver node experiences. We then demonstrate the impact of interference power on the effective communication range of the nodes. Our analytic results are validated by C-based network simulation. The observations in this paper can be used in deciding interference-aware multi-hop forwarding strategies in wireless ad hoc networks.

Realistic indoor path loss modeling for regular WiFi operations in India

Indoor wireless communication using Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) is becoming a major need for the success of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud robotics in both developed and developing countries. With different operating conditions, interference, obstacles and type of building materials used, it is difficult to predict the path loss components in an indoor environment, which are crucial for the network design. It has been observed that the indoor path loss models proposed for western countries cannot be directly used in Indian scenarios due to variations in building materials utilized, floor plans, etc. In this paper, we have proposed a non-deterministic statistical indoor path loss model-Tata Indoor Path Loss Model (T-IPLM) which can be used for the 2.4–2.5 GHz, Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. To propose and validate, we have conducted several drive tests with different conditions such as busy office premise with obstacles, open office premise, corridor, canteen, and multistorey office locations, etc. We have also compared T-IPLM with popular path loss models such as ITU-R and Log-distance; T-IPLM matches closely with the drive test results as compared to other models. We believe that T-IPLM model can be used extensively to design accurate indoor communication networks required for regular WiFi communications and deployment and operations of IoT and cloud robotics.

Multipath TCP Path Scheduler for Drones: A Segregation of Control and User Data

Multipath Transport Control Protocol (MPTCP) has been originally proposed for the data centers. MPTCP aggregates multiple interfaces available at the end devices to provide improved throughput and reliability. These features of MPTCP can also be exploited in robotic and drone1 based communications. The biggest challenge observed in drone communication is the delay or failure in the reception of control signals due to congestion caused by high bandwidth video transmissions from drones to ground stations. Such delay in the control signals may cause unwanted misbehaviors at the drones. In this poster, we have proposed a new path scheduler for MPTCP which segregates the data and control packets intelligently. This not only guarantees the successful reception of control packets but also improves the average latency with increased reliability and resilience to link failures. We have implemented the proposed scheduler in the Linux kernel and observed its performance in a Robot Operating System (ROS)2 based drone environment.

Reliable robotic communication using multi-path TCP

Robotics is penetrating into all aspects of human life from being a helper at daily chores to a technician performing precision operations at warehouse. Deploying mobile robots and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to conduct search and rescue operations during industrial accidents and natural disasters is one of the recent applications of robotics. These robots/UAVs are controlled remotely over wireless connections. Any disruption in connectivity of robots/UAVs may be disastrous. It is possible to reduce the chances of outage and improve reliability of communication by using multiple available communication interfaces on a device. In this demo paper, we demonstrate the use of Multipath TCP (MPTCP) in robotics communication. MPTCP uses all available communication interfaces concurrently for communication. Its use in robotics improves the connection reliability as well as the throughput. We have ported MPTCP on resource constrained devices and conducted experiments to evaluate throughput performance and error resilience of different variants of MPTCP by comparing it with that of TCP.

Efficient listen before technique for LTE-WiFi co-existence in unlicensed bands

In a moderate to high traffic scenario wireless fidelity (WiFi) performance degrades severely due to interference and back-off mechanism. Licensed assisted access (LAA) has been proposed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to use long term evolution (LTE) in the un-licensed spectrum. As the centralised LAA has to co-exist with existing distributed wireless fidelity (WiFi), efficient listen before talk (LBT) technique is required to reduce interference and improve spectral efficiency of WiFi and LAA users. In this paper, we have proposed an LBT mechanism to share the medium in a fair manner and improves both WiFi-LAA combined system performances significantly. We have also analysed closed form solution for the LBT technique. We validated network performance of proposed LBT model using network simulator (NS-3) and Matlab. The results indicated that with proper choice of LAA channel occupancy and backoff counter, significant performance gains of WiFi-LAA can be achieved.