Bjorn H. Bakken

Energy service systems: integrated planning case studies

A flexible methodology for planning of complex energy service systems with multiple energy carriers is presented. The methodology includes technical, economic and environmental aspects, and will enable public and corporate decision makers to carry out comprehensive analyses of energy supply systems with respect to investments, environmental impacts and consequences of different regulating regimes. The methodology is based on components with standard interface combined in a generic energy system model. The model is then mapped to a nodal network (graph) for overall system analysis and optimisation. In this work two different case studies are presented where this methodology is used for integrated planning of local energy service systems including electricity, heat and gas.

Zero Emission Building And Conversion Factors Between Electricity Consumption And Emissions Of Greenhouse Gases In A Long Term Perspective

Abstract The CO2 emissions from a building’s power system will change over the life time of the building, and this need to be taken into account to verify whether a building is Zero Emission (ZEB) or not. This paper describes how conversion factors between electricity demand and emissions can be calculated for the European power system in a long term perspective through the application of a large scale electricity market model (EMPS). Examples of two types of factors are given: a conversion factor for average emissions per kWh for the whole European power system as well as a marginal factor for a specific region.

EU 20-20-20 energy policy as a model for global climate mitigation

The EU has established an aggressive portfolio with explicit near-term targets for 2020 – to reduce GHG emissions by 20%, rising to 30% if the conditions are right, to increase the share of renewable energy to 20%, and to make a 20% improvement in energy efficiency – intended to be the first step in a long-term strategy to limit climate forcing. The effectiveness and cost of extending these measures in time are considered along with the ambition and propagation to the rest of the world. Numerical results are reported and analysed for the contribution of the portfolios various elements through a set of sensitivity experiments. It is found that the hypothetical programme leads to very substantial reductions in GHG emissions, dramatic increases in use of electricity, and substantial changes in land-use including reduced deforestation, but at the expense of higher food prices. The GHG emissions reductions are driven primarily by the direct limits. Although the carbon price is lower under the hypothetical protocol than it would be under the emissions cap alone, the economic cost of the portfolio is higher, between 13% and 22%.

Scenarios for integration of large shares of renewable energy in Europe up to 2050

The EU project SUSPLAN has developed a set of scenarios for more efficient integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into future infrastructures regionally and across Europe. The scenarios are used as basis for regional studies of el, gas and heat infrastructures in 9 European countries/regions, correlated with studies of trans-national electricity and gas infrastructures in the time perspective of 2030–2050. The results from the case studies are used to elaborate a set of strategies, recommendations, criteria and benchmarks for political, infrastructure and network decision makers and power distributors.

Planning of Distributed Energy Supply to Suburb

In this paper, a novel model to optimize the design of local energy networks with respect to operation and investment cost and environmental consequences is demonstrated. The chosen case study is based on a real case from a Norwegian municipality. Several alternatives to supply energy to a new suburb with detached houses are considered: Electrical boilers, ground source heat pumps, gas boilers and a simplified demonstration alternative of hydrogen fuel cell based on renewable energy. The alternatives are ranked with respect to operational and investment cost. Emissions from each alternative are also accounted for. Due to an integrated optimization of diurnal operation and investments, each design alternative can be inspected in the full-graphical user interface to verify the utilization of individual components during peak load and low load periods.

Profitable increases in cross border transmission capacities in a European power system with large shares of renewables

The paper describes analyses of profitable increases in cross border capacities in Europe to 2050 in 4 scenarios with different RES-E shares. The analyses use the power market simulation model EMPS and an investment algorithm sequentially for each decade. Considerable increases in transmission capacities will be necessary. Capacities are more than doubled in 2050 compared with 2010 when profitable investments are carried out. The additional capacity varies from 120 GW to 713 GW dependent on the volume and location of the new renewables. The increase is highest in a scenario that is dominated by large scale offshore wind production and import of solar based production from Africa. Another scenario mainly based on local and regional production has the lowest emissions, the lowest power prices and much lower need for new transmission capacity.

Linear models for optimization of interconnected gas and electricity networks

This presentation demonstrates a new natural gas network module implemented in the optimization model “eTransport”, including nodes, pipes, valves and compressors. A special linearization technique is used to keep track of the gas pressure in a generic network structure. Together with models for gas source and storage, gas-fired power plants and the existing electricity network module, the new gas module makes it possible to analyze interconnected natural gas and electricity networks where both operational and structural (investment) changes in one part of the system will influence capacities and performance in the rest of the system.