Bo Jia

Improved wavelet packet classification algorithm for vibrational intrusions in distributed fiber-optic monitoring systems

Abstract. An improved classification algorithm that considers multiscale wavelet packet Shannon entropy is proposed. Decomposition coefficients at all levels are obtained to build the initial Shannon entropy feature vector. After subtracting the Shannon entropy map of the background signal, components of the strongest discriminating power in the initial feature vector are picked out to rebuild the Shannon entropy feature vector, which is transferred to radial basis function (RBF) neural network for classification. Four types of man-made vibrational intrusion signals are recorded based on a modified Sagnac interferometer. The performance of the improved classification algorithm has been evaluated by the classification experiments via RBF neural network under different diffusion coefficients. An 85% classification accuracy rate is achieved, which is higher than the other common algorithms. The classification results show that this improved classification algorithm can be used to classify vibrational intrusion signals in an automatic real-time monitoring system.

Parametric modeling in distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system for position determination

Abstract. Distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system is widely used as a monitoring system in communication cable and pipeline of long distances. When a vibration signal occurs at a particular position along the fiber, the response of the system, in the frequency domain, presents a series of periodic maxima and minima (or null frequencies). These minima depend on the position of the vibration signal along the fiber. Power spectral estimation methods are considered to denoise the power spectrum of the system and determine these minima precisely. The experimental results show higher accuracy of the position using a parametric model with appropriate selection of order p and q than just using fast Fourier transform algorithm.

A novel differential optical fiber accelerometer

The development of sensitive fiber-optic accelerometers is a subject of continuing interest. To acquire high resolution, Michelson phase interferometric techniques are widely adopted. Among the variety structures, the compliant cylinder approach is particularly attractive due to its high sensitivity that is defined as the induced phase shift per applied acceleration. While the two arms of Michelson interferometer should be at the same optical path, it is inconvenient to adjust the two arms’ length to equal, also the polarization instability and phase random drift will cause a signal decline. To overcome these limitations, a novel optical fiber accelerometer based on differential interferometric techniques is proposed and investigated. The interferometer is a Sagnac-like white light interferometer, which means the bandwidth of laser spectrum can be as wide as tens nanometers. This interferometer was firstly reported by Levin in 1990s. Lights are divided to two paths before entering the coupler. To induce time difference, one passes through a delay arm and another goes a direct arm. After modulated by the sensing component, they reflect to opposite arm. The sensing part is formed by a seismic mass that is held to only one compliant cylinder, where the single-mode optical fiber is wrapped tightly. When sticking to vibrations, the cylinder compresses or stretches as a spring. The corresponding changes in cylinder circumference lead to strain in the sensing fibers, which is detected as an optical phase shift by the interferometer. The lights from two arms reach the vibration source at different time, sensing a different accelerate speed; produce a different optic path difference. Integrating the dissimilarity of the accelerated speed by time can obtain the total acceleration graph. A shaker’s vibration has been tested by the proposed accelerometer referring to a standard piezoelectric accelerometer. A 99.8% linearity of the optical phase shift to the ground acceleration is achieved. The acceleration sensitivity is 300 rad/g. It proves to have a simple structure, good practice, reliable measurement and stable performance.

Compact all-fiber interferometer system for shock acceleration measurement

Acceleration measurement plays an important role in a variety of fields in science and engineering. In particular, the accurate, continuous and non-contact recording of the shock acceleration profiles of the free target surfaces is considered as a critical technique in shock physics. Various kinds of optical interferometers have been developed to monitor the motion of the surfaces of shocked targets since the 1960s, for instance, the velocity interferometer system for any reflector, the fiber optic accelerometer, the photonic Doppler velocimetry system and the displacement interferometer. However, most of such systems rely on the coherent quasi-monochromatic illumination and discrete optic elements, which are costly in setting-up and maintenance. In 1996, L. Levin et al reported an interferometric fiber-optic Doppler velocimeter with high-dynamic range, in which fiber-coupled components were used to replace the discrete optic elements. However, the fringe visibility of the Levin’s system is low because of the coupled components, which greatly limits the reliability and accuracy in the shock measurement. In this paper, a compact all-fiber interferometer system for measuring the shock acceleration is developed and tested. The advantage of the system is that not only removes the non-interfering light and enhances the fringe visibility, but also reduces polarization induced signal fading and the polarization induced phase shift. Moreover, it also does not require a source of long coherence length. The system bases entirely on single-mode fiber optics and mainly consists of a polarization beam splitter, a faraday rotator, a depolarizer and a 3×3 single-mode fiber coupler which work at 1310 nm wavelength. The optical systems of the interferometer are described and the experimental results compared with a shock acceleration calibration system with a pneumatic exciter (PneuShock TM Model 9525C by The Modal Shop) are reported. In the shock acceleration test, the interferometer system measured shock acceleration with peak accelerations of ~100,000 m/s 2 and the durations of ~0.2 ms which are conformed to the results of the shock acceleration calibration system. The measured relative error of the acceleration is within 3%.