Bogdan Adamczyk

Effect of Acoustical, Visual and Tactile Echo on Speech Fluency of Stutterers

The study presents the comparison of the effects of echo transmitted via single and combined channels (auditory, visual and tactile) on the speech of stutterers. The dependence of stuttering intensity and speech velocity upon echo delay time was determined. For all transmission channels the stuttering intensities and the speech velocities decreased with the increase in the delay time of the echo. The results were analyzed statistically by means of the ANOVA method. It was proven that the corrective effects of visual echo and tactile echo were comparable. Echo transmitted via the auditory channel was more effective than when transmitted via the visual or tactile channels. The greatest efficiency could be observed by transmitting echo via three connected channels: auditory, visual and tactile. The results obtained show that in stuttering therapy it is justified to use echo transmitted via three connected channels (auditory, visual, tactile).

Ion/molecular reactions as an effect of crossing a highly non-homogeneous effusion molecular beam with an electron beam

Abstract An effusive molecular beam emitted by a cylindrical capillary was ionized by a transverse electron beam which could be displaced perpendicularly and along the capillary axis. This system was the open ion source of a cycloidal mass spectrometer which was used to identify both primary ions, generated by ionizing the molecules by electrons, and secondary ions produced in ion/molecular reactions. Thus, the ionization processes and the ion/molecular reactions that take place were recorded directly, free of effects concerned with walls and slots, which are characteristic for conventional ion sources. Secondary CH + 5 and C 2 H + 5 ions were recorded in the case of a CH 4 beam and H 3 O + ions in case of a H 2 O beam. The ion/molecular reaction areas of the effusion molecular beams were roughly determined by changing the electron beam position relative to the capillary.

Modelling of the molecular beam intensity distribution in the ion source of the mass spectrometer by means of a light beam

Abstract The analogy between a molecular beam and a light beam is presented and the case where a molecular beam in the ion source of the mass spectrometer is crossed by an electron beam is discussed. The transverse intensity distribution of a molecular beam formed by a capillary was compared with the transverse distribution of a light beam formed by a tube lined inside with corrugated aluminium foil with a high reflection coefficient. In the capillary, effusion of gas was observed, and in the tube, “effusion” of light. The transverse intensity distributions of both beams were comparable.

Effect of Acoustical, Visual and Tactile Reverberation on Speech Fluency of Stutterers

The study presents the comparison of the effects of reverberation transmitted via single and combined channels (auditory, visual and tactile) on the speech of stutterers. The dependence of stuttering intensity and speech velocity upon reverberation time was determined. For all transmission channels the stuttering intensities and the speech velocities decreased with the increase in reverberation time. The results were analyzed statistically by means of the ANOVA method. It was proven that the corrective effects of visual reverberation and tactile reverberation were comparable. Reverberation transmitted via the auditory channel was more effective than when transmitted via the visual or tactile channels. Connecting the visual and tactile channels with the auditory channel has no influence on the effectiveness of reverberation.

Effusive molecular beam crossed by an electron beam and the optical model of this effect

Abstract By means of a cycloidal mass spectrometer, the intensity of an N2+ ion beam formed by the crossing of an effusive molecular beam generated by capillaries of various lengths, with an electron beam of circular cross-section (cylinder) was examined. The authors see a close analogy between the effusive beam crossed by the electron beam and the effusive light beam crossed by the diffusing glass screen in the form of a cylinder.

Electron ionization of the effusion molecular beam emitted by a rectangular channel and the optical model of this effect

Abstract Based on previous investigations, the authors have measured the intensity of an N2+ ion beam, which was generated by crossing an effusion molecular beam of nitrogen with an electron beam. The molecular beam was emitted both from a flat slit and from a rectangular channel. The dependence of the ion current intensity and the electron beam position in relation to the outlet of the effusion hole has been examined. The authors have also demonstrated an optical model of the examined effect.

Temperature effect of ion/molecule reactions in a water molecular beam crossed by an electron beam

An effusive water molecular beam emitted by a cylindrical capillary was ionized by a transverse electron beam (energy 100 eV) just above the capillary outlet. This system was an open ion source of a cycloidal mass spectrometer. The temperature of the effusion capillary was varied from 343–873 K, and the pressure of the molecular beam from 0–0.5 Pa. Primary ionization processes and ion/molecule reactions were recorded directly, free from the effects of walls and slots which are characteristics of conventional systems used for investigating ionization processes. Secondary H3O+ ion production as a function of temperature and pressure of a water beam was examined.

Light simulation of molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract On the basis of the experiments described in their previous papers, the authors have presented the analogy between an effusion molecular beam applied in epitaxy technology and a light beam. A molecular beam is formed by the longitudinal channel of a molecular oven and a light beam is formed by a similar channel, lined inside with corrugated aluminium foil with a high reflection coefficient. The transverse intensity distribution of modelling beams formed by channels of different shapes is presented.

Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in Exhaled Air in Fluent and Non-Fluent Speech

The results of dynamic measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2, in %) in exhaled air during speech are presented. Fourteen stuttering persons and 14 persons with fluent speech took part in a test that involved independent speaking and echo-assisted speaking (delayed auditory feedback). A statistical comparative analysis of average levels of CO2 concentration registered during speech and resting respiration immediately before speaking indicated significant differences in non-fluent speech and insignificant differences in fluent speech. It was determined that the average concentration of CO2 in exhaled air while stuttering was 1/5 lower than the concentration of CO2 registered during fluent speaking.

Optical modelling of MBE system

Abstract On the basis of their previous works, the authors present the results of a light simulation of effusive molecular beams in a MBE system. The system included seven cells located at different angles to an exposed target. The model structure was a seven-fold enlargement of the real MBE system. The light beam was formed by cells lined inside with aluminium foil with stamped buckles, which guaranteed chaotic reflections of light.