Brajendra Kumar Singh

Extending Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime With Global Energy Balance

In this paper, a decentralized routing algorithm, called game theoretic energy balance routing protocol, is proposed to extend the network lifetime by balancing energy consumption in a larger network area using geographical routing protocols. The objective of the proposed protocol is to make sensor nodes deplete their energy at approximately the same time, which is achieved by addressing the load balance problem at both the region and node levels. In the region level, evolutionary game theory (EGT) is used to balance the traffic load to available subregions. At the node level, classical game theory (CGT) is used to select the best node to balance the load in the selected subregion. This two-level approach is shown to be an effective solution for load balancing and extending network lifetime. This paper shows the use of EGT and CGT in designing a robust protocol that offers significant improvement over existing protocols in extending network lifetime.

FPGA based wireless sensor node with customizable event-driven architecture

AbstractThis article presents the design and implementation of modular customizable event-driven architecture with parallel execution capability for the first time with wireless sensor nodes using stand alone FPGA. This customizable event-driven architecture is based on modular generic event dispatchers and autonomous event handlers, which will help WSN application developers to quickly develop their applications by adding the required number of event dispatchers and event handlers as per the need of a WSN application. This architecture can handle multiple events in parallel, including high priority ones. Additionally, it provides non-preemptive operation which removes the timing uncertainty and overhead involved with interrupt-driven processor-based sensor node implementation, which is required in real-time wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Thus, higher computation power of FPGAs combined with the non-preemptive modular event-driven architecture with parallel execution capability enables a variety of new WSN applications and facilitates rapid prototyping of WSN applications. In this article, the performance of FPGA-based sensor device is compared with general purpose processor-based implementations of sensor devices. Results show that our FPGA-based implementation provides significant improvement in system efficiency measured in terms of clock cycle counts required for typical sensor network tasks such as packet transmission, relay and reception.

Game theoretic energy balanced (GTEB) routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a novel game theoretic energy balanced (GTEB) geographical routing protocol to extend lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by ensuring that forwarding nodes run out of energy approximately at the same time. In order to achieve this objective, the transmission region around a sender node is divided into a set of forwarding regions based on network density. Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is used to determine the amount of traffic to be forwarded to those regions based on their available energy. Within a forwarding region, one forwarding node is selected to forward a packet using classical game theory (CGT). An exhaustive simulation study shows that the proposed protocol prolongs the network lifetime and provides a better delivery ratio as compared to similar general purpose and energy balanced routing protocols for WSNs.

Survey on communication architectures for wind energy integration with the smart grid

Communication systems are needed to integrate generated power from wind farms with the electrical grid. This paper provides a comprehensive review of available communication technologies, protocols and objectives related to wind energy and electrical grid integration. This paper summarizes the communication system solutions for wind generation. A major obstacle is an absence of unified communication architectures and standards.

Feedback Based Real-Time MAC (RT-MAC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a MAC layer protocol, called RT-MAC, for real-time data streaming in wireless sensor networks. RT-MAC eliminates need to contend for a wireless medium by potential transmitting nodes in a range by introducing feedback control packet, called Clear Channel (CC). RT-MAC maximizes spatial channel reuse by avoiding false blocking problem of RTS/CTS exchange based wireless MAC protocols. RT-MAC reduces contention duration for control packets to facilitate faster traveling of data packets; thus, it reduces end-to-end delay of data packet transmission. RT-MAC facilitates periodic delivery of data packets as well as fast reporting of an alarming event. This paper provides the upper bounds of end-to-end delay of data packet transmission with periodic sleep/listen schedule for RT-MAC protocol. In this paper, extensive simulation results are presented. RT-MAC supports single stream communication between a randomly selected source and sink node pair as well as multi-stream non-interfering communication among different source and sink node pairs.

Reliable Coverage Area Based Link Expiration Time (LET) Routing Metric for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents a new routing metric for mobile ad hoc networks. It considers both coverage area as well as link expiration information, which in turn requires position, speed and direction information of nodes in the network. With this new metric, a routing protocol obtains routes that last longer with as few hops as possible. The proposed routing metric is implemented with Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) protocol. Thus, the performance of the proposed routing metric is tested against the minimum hop metric of AODV. Simulation results show that the AODV protocol with the new routing metric significantly improves delivery ratio and reduces routing overhead. The delay performance of AODV with the new metric is comparable to its minimum hop metric implementation.

A novel real-time MAC layer protocol for wireless sensor network applications

This paper presents a comparative study of existing real-time MAC layer protocols for wireless sensor networks. Then, a new real-Time MAC protocol is presented that is based on a general purpose MAC protocol, called S-MAC. While medium access strategy in S-MAC is based on contention and back-off schemes, protocol proposed in this paper uses feedback approach as a medium access strategy. As a result of this, it increases consistency in data transmission pattern, which enables it to guarantee end-to-end delay deadlines for soft realtime applications. Proposed protocol works in continuous ON mode of operation at MAC layer and is intended to be used for randomly deployed single stream wireless sensor applications. Finally, a comparative performance analysis of proposed realtime protocol is done with other real-time and general purpose MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks.

Adaptive packet forwarding region based three dimensional real-time geographical routing protocol (3DRTGP) for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, a novel 3D real-time geographical routing protocol (3DRTGP) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is presented. This protocol controls the number of forwarding nodes by adapting a unique packet forwarding region (PFR) selection algorithm based on network density. This algorithm reduces the number of redundant packet transmissions, collisions, and congestion, which in turn, enables it to meet realtime application requirements, i.e., packet delivery within a specified deadline. In order to make 3DRTGP viable, we provide a solution for void node problem (VNP) in 3D deployments. In this protocol, the forwarding decision in a node depends on the expected number of hops towards the destination and the queuing delay in the forwarding node. Additionally, 3DRTGP does not require explicit exchange of neighbor information. The performance of the proposed protocol has been evaluated through simulation under various network densities and load conditions. It is observed that 3DRTGP significantly outperforms similar 3D geographical routing protocols in terms of end-to-end delay and miss ratio.

Segment wise communication delay measurement for Smart Grid applications

In order to meet the communication delay requirements of various message types when developing applications for the Smart Grid (SG), selection of appropriate communication technology is crucial and requires network segment-wise delay characterization under different network conditions. Thus, this paper presents a segment-wise communication delay measurement technique and experimental results for SG applications. In this technique, an Arduino based test bed is developed to characterize communication delays across multiple hops using different communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and cellular communication. This test bed is customized for the measurement of the delay involved in several network segments between remotely deployed photovoltaic (PV) panels and monitoring locations. Extensive delay measurement tests are conducted with varying data packet sizes under various controlled background traffic conditions, including Internet traffic. The test results can be used to infer the suitability of various communication technologies under diverse network conditions. For example, Ethernet technology provides minimum and predictable delay and is therefore suitable for safety critical messaging to be sent locally.

Region based three dimensional real-timel routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a novel 3D real-time geographical routing protocol (3DRTGP) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides a unique adaptive packet forwarding region (PFR) selection algorithm based on network density. 3DRTGP controls the number of forwarding nodes to reduce collision in the network, which in turn, enables it to meet real-time application requirements, i.e., packet delivery within a specified deadline. In order to make 3DRTGP viable, we provide a solution for void node problem (VNP) in 3D deployment. The performance evaluation through simulation shows significant improvements in end-to-end delay and missratio over similar 3D geographical routing protocols.