Brenda Seals

Spiritual activities as a resistance resource for women with human immunodeficiency virus.

BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the role that spiritual activities play in the adaptational outcomes of women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of spiritual activities as a resource that may reduce the negative effects of disease-related stressors on the adaptational outcomes in HIV-infected women. METHODS A theoretically based causal model was tested to examine the role of spiritual activities as a moderator of the impact of HIV-related stressors (functional impairment, work impairment, and HIV-related symptoms) on two stress-related adaptational outcomes (emotional distress and quality of life), using a clinic-based sample of 184 HIV-positive women. RESULTS Findings indicated that as spiritual activities increased, emotional distress decreased even when adjustments were made for HIV-related stressors. A positive relationship between spiritual activities and quality of life was found, which approached significance. Findings showed that HIV-related stressors have a significant negative effect on both emotional distress and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the hypothesis that spiritual activities are an important psychological resource accounting for individual variability in adjustment to the stressors associated with HIV disease.

Falling through the Cracks: Social Service Concerns of Women Infected with HIV:

To describe the range of social service concerns of women infected with HIV, we recruited 46 women to participate in one of eight focus groups. Transcripts from the focus groups were coded and their content was analyzed. The eight identified issues included the following: negative consequences of applying for a service, eligibility and red tape, fear of using services, concerns when services were used, the limits of some services, problems keeping services and red tape, consequences of not having some services, and other concerns and desires. Social service professionals can improve the willingness of women infected with HIV to seek social services by addressing the sociopsychological and bureaucratic problems the women face.

Self-care activities of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

The article describes a qualitative focus group study exploring the self-care activities undertaken by women testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to promote and maintain their health. The sample included 27 women who participated in one of four focus group sessions. Participants represented women from both rural and urban settings in the South. Subjects talked about and described the ways in which they took care of themselves. Content analysis was used to code the data and to determine major categories of activities. Seven categories were identified: special dietary and nutrition practices, choosing not to use medically prescribed therapies, spiritual reliance and rituals, staying active, cognitive strategies, self-education, and adopting healthy life styles. These findings support the value of developing a holistic approach to health care of women infected with HIV.

The relationship between distress and resource loss following rape

The present study examined the impact of resource loss on violent crime victims. Participants were 57 women who were recent victims of rape. Zero-order and point-biserial correlations and multiple hierarchical regression results indicated that psychological distress was followed by increased resource loss for rape victims. These results suggest that distress may be an underlying mechanism for resource loss in victims of sexual assault.

Incidence and Correlates of Physical Violence Among HIV-Infected Women at Risk for Pregnancy in the Southeastern United States

To identify the incidence and correlates of physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected women at risk for pregnancy, a cross-sectional examination was conducted within a longitudinal study of reproductive decision making. Participants consisted of 275 HIV-infected women 17 to 49 years of age (mean = 30.1 years). Women were predominantly African American (87%) and single (82%), with annual incomes of

Rape-Related HIV Risk Concerns Among Recent Rape Victims

10,000 or less (66%). Overall, 68% of the women reported experiencing lifetime physical and/or sexual violence. Before becoming HIV infected, 65% of the women reported having been physically or sexually abused. After HIV diagnosis, 33% of the women reported experiencing physical or sexual abuse. Women reporting greater violence were more likely to disclose their HIV-seropositive status to their sex partner. Using logistic regression, greater intent to get pregnant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.933), decreased present life satisfaction (OR = 1.048), having three or more children (OR = 0.474), and history of drug use (OR = 0.794) significantly distinguished between women who reported physical and/or sexual violence and those who did not.

HIV-Infected Women's Experiences and Beliefs Related to AZT Therapy During Pregnancy

A sample of 62 recent rape victims who had received postrape medical care were interviewed an average of 6 weeks after being raped (M = 37.3 days, SD = 19.3 days) to examine fear or concern about contracting HIV as a result of rape. Fifty-seven of the 62 women (91.9%) reported some degree of initial fear or postrape concern about contracting HIV as a result of the rape, and 45 of the 62 women (72.6%) reported that theywere extremely fearful or concerned about contracting HIV. Women who were extremely fearful or concerned about contracting HIV were more likely to have been raped by a stranger. Reported fear/concern was not simply a function of current intensity of intrusive or avoidance symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Fifty-one women (82.3%) wanted more information about HIV at postrape medical treatment visits

Social service and case management needs of HIV-infected persons upon release from prison/jail

To explore womens experiences and beliefs concerning zidovudine (AZT) therapy during pregnancy, short-answer and open-ended questions were asked of 322 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women at increased risk for pregnancy. Specifically, we examined what women believed they had been told concerning AZT therapy during pregnancy by health care professionals and peers, experiences with taking AZT, how effective they believed AZT therapy to be, and if they would take AZT if they became pregnant. Women in the study were predominately African American (88%), single (79%), with a mean age of 32 years, and had annual incomes less than

Patterns of Assault in a Sample of Recent Rape Victims

10,000 (64%). Although 81.4% of the women had been told to take antiretrovirals, only 69.1% of the women were actually taking HIV-related medicines. Almost three-fourths of the women (70.8%) reported being told that taking AZT during pregnancy would reduce perinatal transmission. Women reported the most frequent reason for their stopping AZT was its side effects. When women who were not presently taking AZT were asked what would make them consider taking it, they most frequently said they would begin AZT if their health deteriorated or based on the advice of health care professionals. A small group of women said nothing would make them take AZT-type medications. More than one-half of the women said they felt AZT was effective in preventing perinatal HIV transmission. However, almost 20% of the women reported believing that their health care provider would not be positive about their taking AZT during pregnancy. Significant relationships were found between intent to take AZT if becoming pregnant and specific AZT-related beliefs and experiences.

Disclosure of HIV infection: how do women decide to tell?

This study sought to identify social service needs of HIV-infected persons at the time of release from prison/jail and to describe their case management experiences after release from prison/jail. Sixteen men and women who were infected with HIV, each with a history of incarceration, participated in one of three focus group sessions. Study participants consisted of 11 men and five women. The majority of the participants were African-American (81%), single (50%), and currently unemployed (69%). Qualitative analysis of the focus group transcripts revealed a total of 483 comments regarding a need for social or health services. These comments were further grouped into 13 categories of services or service-related issues that represented the range of the responses. Although participants described positive experiences with specific case managers, their overall evaluation of case management was negative. Identified social services needs and the descriptions of their experiences with case management provides insight as to how case management services can be improved for this population.