Brent Hardin

Pathology–Endoscopy Correlations of Bladder, Urachal, and Urethral Lesions

Through experience, urologists learn to recognize endoscopic abnormalities and—in the great majority of cases—they are able to predict with considerable accuracy the final pathological diagnosis. In this chapter, we present a number of endoscopic images and illustrate the pathological findings that correlate with these images. In many instances, the pathological images are derived from the exact endoscopic case shown. Although this chapter is by no means an exhaustive treatise on the spectrum of pathological conditions of the urinary tract, we hope the reader finds the correlations interesting and informative.

Potential Male Etiologies of Unexplained Infertility

Male factor infertility contributes to one-half of all infertile couples. Of these, approximately 40 % have an unknown cause. This subgroup can be divided into separate categories based on the results of two properly obtained semen analyses: idiopathic male infertility (IMI) and unexplained male infertility (UMI). While both groups exhibit normal physical exam findings and endocrine evaluations, they differ in that IMI have abnormal semen analyses, while UMI have normal semen parameters. This chapter will highlight the potential etiologies of UMI.