Brian V. Jegasothy

CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris

Engagement of the B7 family of molecules on antigen-presenting cells with their T cell-associated ligands, CD28 and CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 [CTLA-4]), provides a pivotal costimulatory signal in T-cell activation. We investigated the role of the CD28/CD152 pathway in psoriasis in a 26-week, phase I, open-label dose-escalation study. The importance of this pathway in the generation of humoral immune responses to T cell-dependent neoantigens, bacteriophage phiX174 and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, was also evaluated. Forty-three patients with stable psoriasis vulgaris received 4 infusions of the soluble chimeric protein CTLA4Ig (BMS-188667). Forty-six percent of all study patients achieved a 50% or greater sustained improvement in clinical disease activity, with progressively greater effects observed in the highest-dosing cohorts. Improvement in these patients was associated with quantitative reduction in epidermal hyperplasia, which correlated with quantitative reduction in skin-infiltrating T cells. No markedly increased rate of intralesional T-cell apoptosis was identified, suggesting that the decreased number of lesional T cells was probably likely attributable to an inhibition of T-cell proliferation, T-cell recruitment, and/or apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells at extralesional sites. Altered antibody responses to T cell-dependent neoantigens were observed, but immunologic tolerance to these antigens was not demonstrated. This study illustrates the importance of the CD28/CD152 pathway in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and suggests a potential therapeutic use for this novel immunomodulatory approach in an array of T cell-mediated diseases.

Treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy

BACKGROUND This original cohort of patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) was reported to have clinical improvement with photopheresis during the 12 months of the original study. No long-term follow-up data have been available to examine the impact of this therapy on the disease. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to provide long-term follow-up on the original 29 erythrodermic CTCL patients treated with photopheresis and to compare these results with historical controls. METHODS Files of patients from the original photopheresis study centers were reviewed and their current status was documented. RESULTS The median survival of the treated patients was 60.33 months from the date of diagnosis and 47.9 months from the date of the start of photopheresis therapy. A complete remission has been maintained in four of the six patients who achieved complete responses in the original study. The best responses were seen in patients with a lower CD4/CD8 ratio in the peripheral blood at the start of therapy. CONCLUSION Photopheresis can influence the natural history of erythrodermic CTCL by inducing remissions and prolonging survival with minimal toxicity.

Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy for Drug-Resistant Pemphigus Vulgaris

Excerpt The extracorporeal exposure of pathogenic peripheral blood leukocytes to the natural compound 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A radiation has provided great benefit in certain adv...

Resolution of Severe Pyoderma Gangrenosum in a Patient with Streaking Leukocyte Factor Disease after Treatment with Tacrolimus (FK 506)

Severe, lifelong, unresolving pyoderma gangrenosum occurs in association with recurrent episodes of sterile pyoarthrosis and the presence of a serum factor (called streaking leukocyte factor) [1] responsible for enhancing random migration of purified human neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes in vitro. Pyoderma gangrenosum is only one feature of this unusual disease. Minor trauma of any sort leads to an excessive accumulation of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in tissue. This causes subcutaneous induration, sterile abscesses, sterile pyoarthrosis, and extensive areas of skin necrosis similar to those occurring in classical pyoderma gangrenosum, except that the lesions are larger and more confluent. The arthritic lesions are characterized by synovial fluid leukocyte counts greater than 100 000/mm3 and a severe synovitis [1]. We describe a patient with the streaking leukocyte factor syndrome who has been treated successfully with tacrolimus (FK 506, Prograf, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan). Case Report The patient was a 31-year-old white man who has had a lifelong history of recurrent and chronic sterile abscesses involving the soft tissues, skin, and joints, which began in infancy and was shown to be associated with streaking leukocyte factor in his serum [1]. Because of the hypertrophic and erosive nature of the arthritic process, the patient had surgical procedures on multiple large joints. His history is summarized in Table 1. The patient was referred to the autoimmune clinic at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in April 1991 with a well-established clinical, histopathologic, and serologic diagnosis of this syndrome. Before his referral, he had been treated at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (New York, New York) and the National Institutes of Health with plasmapheresis, high doses of steroids, a wide range of immunosuppressive cytotoxic agents, and thalidomide, but none of these treatments yielded a response. Table 1. Chronology of the Patients Medical Problems Laboratory results included normal counts and types of leukocytes, T cells, and T-cell responses to mitogens; a normal nitroblue tetrazolium test; normal in vitro phagocytosis of yeast by leukocytes as well as normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, complement factors C1q, C4, C5, C1INH, and total hemolytic complement. The laboratory abnormalities the patient had consistently were an anemia of chronic disease (hemoglobin, 90 to 120 g/L); an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (35 to 95 mm/h); an increased platelet count (350 to 726 109/L); increased levels of 1, 2, and globulins; and an increased complement C3 level (297 to 340 mg/dL [2.97 to 3.40 g/L]). The hallmark of the disease has been detection of a chemokinetic factor in the patients serum that caused wild random migration of purified normal human neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes by up to 200%, which did not influence chemotaxis [1]. This factor has continued to be present during a period of 6 years despite various therapeutic attempts (see Table 1). The methods used to measure the leukocyte random migration and isolation of the serum factor have been previously described [1]. On 9 May 1991, after Food and Drug Administration and Local Investigational Review Board approvals (the patient gave informed consent), he was started on tacrolimus (FK 506), a new powerful immunosuppressive macrolide antibiotic [2]. He received an oral dose of 0.15 mg/kg twice daily. Twelve-hour tacrolimus trough plasma levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunoassay [3]. Dose adjustments were guided by the drug plasma levels, the patients clinical response (skin and joint lesions), and the biochemical evidence of renal insufficiency (an increase of serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL) [4]. Because of the presence of a severe, disabling osteoporosis as well as recurrent vertebral compression and stress fractures, preexisting steroid therapy (20 to 60 mg/d) was rapidly tapered after starting tacrolimus treatment to a steroid dose of 5 mg orally every other day. All other therapeutic agents were discontinued before the initiation of tacrolimus therapy. Full dermatologic and medical examinations were done at each clinic visit. The assessments made included those quantifying pain, subcutaneous induration, erythema, cutaneous ulceration, arthritis, and drainage from the pyoderma gangrenosum lesions. Renal function, serum cholesterol, blood glucose, and electrolyte levels were also monitored. After 4 weeks, a marked reduction in his pain, lesion erythema, ulcer size, and drainage from lesions was evident. Complete clinical remission and healing of all disfiguring, large open sores was achieved after 12 weeks of tacrolimus (FK 506) therapy (Figure 1). Tacrolimus trough plasma levels were maintained at high levels for the initial 4 weeks (1.5 to 3.8 ng/mL) and subsequently at an average of 1.1 ng/mL. A recent effort to decrease his tacrolimus dosage resulted in low drug plasma levels (< 0.7 ng/mL) and a reappearance of focal subcutaneous areas of induration. These new lesions disappeared completely after an increase in the tacrolimus dose and maintenance of the drug plasma trough level at 1 ng/mL. Figure 1. Ulcer in patient with streaking leukocyte factor disease. Left. Right. The patient had transient trembling, paresthesias, and insomnia with high tacrolimus (FK 506) trough plasma levels. These were accompanied by increases in the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels to a maximum of 2.4 mg/dL and 51 mg/dL, respectively. A concomitant increase in blood pressure was treated with a calcium-channel blocker and a -adrenergic blocking agent. Intermittent hyperkalemia required treatment with fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Somerville, New Jersey). Levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and serum potassium have stabilized at 1.9 mg/dL (168 mol/L), 28 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L), and 4.9 mEq/L (4.9 mmol/L), respectively. No clinically significant change has occurred in the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, or serum triglycerides. For the first time since birth, the patient does not have the skin lesions and the active joint disease. Moreover, he is now able to resume a full activity schedule. Six months after the start of tacrolimus (FK 506) treatment, a repeated assay of his serum for the streaking leukocyte factor showed an activity level equal to the control serum as well as the buffer solution, which contains 1% albumin and 10% fetal calf serum. The assay method used was identical to that used before tacrolimus therapy [1]. Because of the instability of the factor and other logistic problems, it has not been possible to do sequential studies in this patient to determine whether variations in the serum activity of the enhancing factor occur at different tacrolimus doses or drug plasma levels. Discussion The streaking leukocyte factor is a proteinaceous factor with a molecular weight of 160 kd that is found in the serum of some patients with recurrent sterile abscesses [1, 5]. It is thought to be responsible for progressive destruction and scarring of the skin and joints because it enhances random migration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes to areas of minor trauma. A fatal instance of this syndrome has been described recently [5]. Although the physical characteristics of this protein are not well known, it is too small to be an immunoglobulin and too large to be a classical cytokine. It is probably mutant secretory protein that has an abnormal effect on circulating leukocytes. The similarities and differences between this abnormal leukocyte-enhancing streaking factor and other chemokinetic factors present in normal serum, such as albumin and leukokinesis-enhancing factor, are described elsewhere [6]. The action of this abnormal leukocyte migration factor can be inhibited partially by corticosteroids and large doses of tetracycline [7-9]. The former agents may either block its action at a receptor site or, more likely, directly modify leukocyte responses so that they no longer react to the factor. Tetracycline probably acts as a nonspecific inhibitor of protein synthesis, limiting the production and secretion of the factor. Neither of these agents was successful in controlling the patients disease. Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a novel macrolide antibiotic isolated from the soil fungus Streptomyces tsukubaensis [2]. The drug has a wide range of immunosuppressive activities, because it inhibits the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes [10]. The clinical experience during the previous 3.5 years has shown that a high therapeutic index exists for tacrolimus in patients who have transplanted organs [11] and for patients with either recalcitrant psoriasis or pyoderma gangrenosum [12, 13]. Previously there were encouraging results [13] after treating pyoderma gangrenosum; therefore, we decided to use tacrolimus for our patient. Interestingly, after using standard doses of tacrolimus in our patient (who had normal hepatic function), tacrolimus completely eliminated the streaking factor from our patients serum. This was associated with complete healing, although there is still scarring of the chronic skin ulcers, which had never resolved during the preceding three decades. The specific mode of action by which tacrolimus (FK 506) might alleviate this syndrome is unclear. However, the failure to detect the serum factor after treatment suggests that its synthesis or release or both was inhibited. This probably re-established the normal physiologic balance between the antagonistic activity of both the leukokinesis-enhancing factor and the cell-directed inhibitor [6]. Although it is not known whether tacrolimus has a direct inhibitory effect on leukocyte random mobility and chemotaxis, the drug appears to have no effect on lymphocyte chemoattractant-stimulated movement [14]. The adverse effects caused by tac

Olmsted Syndrome: Case Report and Identification of a Keratin Abnormality

BACKGROUND Olmsted syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by a mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma and periorificial keratotic plaques. It begins in early childhood and is complicated by the development of painful flexion contractures, constrictions, and autoamputations of the digits. Only 11 cases of Olmsted syndrome have been reported to date. However, no biochemical abnormalities in the skin were reported in any of these cases. OBSERVATIONS We report the 12th case of Olmsted syndrome. In addition, we describe a keratin abnormality found in a skin specimen obtained from our patient. The specimen showed a suprabasilar staining pattern with AE1, an antibody that shows only basilar staining in normal skin. CONCLUSION We report the 12th case of Olmsted syndrome, review the literature, and describe a keratin abnormality that was found in our patients skin specimen.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Utility of antibodies to the variable regions of the human T-cell antigen receptor

BACKGROUND The clonotypic 90 kd Ti heterodimer of the human T-cell antigen receptor is composed of two distinct chains (alpha beta or rarely tau delta) that result from the recombination of variable (V), constant, joining, and, in the case of beta chains, additional diversity regions. OBJECTIVE The variable region expression of human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) was studied. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 13 patients with CTCL (7 plaque, 3 tumor stage, 3 Sézary syndrome) were examined immunohistochemically by a panel of seven commercially available monoclonal V-region antibodies. RESULTS Two patients had significant anti-V-region staining. One patient with Sézary syndrome had two lesions, subjected to biopsy 4 months apart, that reacted with beta V5(a), a specificity previously documented by flow cytometry of leukemic cells. A patient with plaque-stage CTCL, negative for T-cell gene rearrangement by Southern blot, demonstrated reactivity with beta V5(c) largely limited to epidermotropic lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Panels of V-region antibodies should be useful reagents for diagnosis and follow-up of CTCL.

Proliferation cell nuclear antigen and soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels in cutaneous T cell lymphoma: correlation with advanced clinical diseases

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and leukemias (CTCL) are malignant clonal proliferation of T lymphocytes which have a predilection to home to and proliferate in skin. There are no clinical and laboratory parameters which consistently correlate with stage of disease, which varies from patch, plaque, tumor, or erythroderma. Soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2-R) levels are elevated both in benign and malignant diseases involving immune activation. Proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a marker of the G1 and G/S phases of cell cycle and can be used to quantitate proliferation. We studied 43 skin biopsies of CTCL in various clinical stages for the presence of PCNA via immunoperoxidase techniques to establish a relationship between PCNA and the stage of disease. In addition, sIL2-R levels were determined in 14 patients. PCNA reactivity was detected in the nuclei of infiltrating cells in a total of 25 patients (58%). According to clinical stage there were 2/12 patch (12%), 9/17 plaque (53%), 4/4 tumor (100%) and 9/10 erythrodermic (90%) stage patients with PCNA positive cells. Thus PCNA positivity correlated with advanced clinical stage. sIL2-R levels were elevated in 14 of 14 patients and the degree of elevation correlated with advanced clinical stage of disease and with increased numbers of PCNA positive cells. Immunohistochemical studies for PCNA and serum sIL2-R levels can be used as laboratory parameters to correlate with clinical stage of disease and enhance prognostication in CTCL.

Telogen effluvium associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

A syndrome of eosinophilia with systemic symptoms associated with ingestion of L-tryptophan was first described in late 1989.1 By Aug. 24, 1990, 1536 cases of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control.2 The criteria for diagnosis are an eosinophil count greater than 1000 cells/rnrn,3 generalized myalgias, and absence of infection or neoplasm to account for the clinical symptoms. The cutaneous manifestations include a diffuse, pruritic, morbilliform eruption; urticaria; angioedema; sclerodermatous changes; and hair 10ss.3 We report a patient with EMS who had a severe, persistent, telogen effluvium.