Bridget Lyons

Vaccination Status of Children in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program Are We Doing Enough to Improve Coverage?

BACKGROUND Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in coverage and other health outcomes. OBJECTIVES To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. DESIGN/METHODS Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. RESULTS Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3-74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5-82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was > or = 10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nations more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children.Abstract Background: Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in coverage and other health outcomes. Objectives: To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. Design/ Methods: Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. Results: Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3–74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5–82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was ≥10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state ( p Conclusions: Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nations more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children.

Linking WIC and immunization services to improve preventive health care among low-income children in WIC.

Children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are at risk for low immunization coverage and other adverse health-related outcomes. Immunization-promoting strategies in WIC have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in immunization coverage. This evaluation of a local WIC initiative in Milwaukee is the first study to evaluate the impact of these strategies on improving the utilization of other clinical preventive services at the medical home. The use of more intensive immunization-promoting strategies in WIC may improve utilization of well child care visits and receipt of other clinical preventive services in the medical home.

Childhood Vaccination Providers in the United States

OBJECTIVES This study sought to provide a characterization of US childhood vaccination providers. METHODS The state was used as the analytic unit in examining 1997 data from the National Immunization Survey and the Vaccines for Children program, state immunization reports, and natality records. RESULTS Overall, 57% of children were vaccinated in the private sector, 18% were vaccinated in the public sector, and 25% were vaccinated by a mixture of providers. Of the 50 883 immunization sites, 81% were private and 19% public. Average patient load was 77 infants per site. Private-sector patient loads were lower than public-sector loads. CONCLUSIONS US childhood vaccination provider capacity is adequate. Efforts to raise coverage rates should focus on increasing preventive care use among children, improving the vaccination performance of providers, and ensuring continuity of care.

Health department clinics as pediatric immunization providers: A national survey

OBJECTIVE To describe a national sample of health department immunization clinics in terms of populations served, patient volume trends, services offered, and immunization practices. METHODS Telephone survey conducted with health departments sampled from a national database, using probability proportional to population size. RESULTS All (100%) 166 sampled and eligible clinics completed the survey. The majority of pediatric patients were uninsured (42%) or enrolled in Medicaid (34%). Most children (69%) and adolescents (70%) were referred to the health department, with only 12% using these clinics as a medical home. A number of clinics (72%) reported recent increases in adolescents served. Less than 25% of clinics offered comprehensive care, 47% conducted semiannual coverage assessments, and 76% and 38% operated recall systems for children and adolescents. Storage of records in an electronic database was common (83%). CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of these clinics do not provide comprehensive care, they continue to serve vulnerable children, including adolescents, Medicaid enrollees, and the uninsured, and may represent the main contact with the healthcare system for such patients. Because assuring the immunization of these children is essential to their health and the health of our nation as a whole, this immunization safety net must be preserved. Experience implementing key recommendations such as coverage assessment and feedback as well as reminder or recall may enable health department staff to assist private provider colleagues. Further research is needed to investigate how patient populations, services offered, and immunization practices vary by different clinic characteristics.

Impact of Immunization Activities on Improving the Health Care of Low-Income Children in the WIC Program, Milwaukee, 1995-97

Impact of Immunization Activities on Improving the Health Care of Low-Income Children in the WIC Program, Milwaukee, 1995-97

Vaccination status of children in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program2

BACKGROUND Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in coverage and other health outcomes. OBJECTIVES To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. DESIGN/METHODS Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. RESULTS Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3-74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5-82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was > or = 10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nations more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children.Abstract Background: Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in coverage and other health outcomes. Objectives: To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. Design/ Methods: Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. Results: Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3–74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5–82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was ≥10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state ( p Conclusions: Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nations more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children.

Vaccination status of children in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program22Address reprint requests to: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program Resource Center, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. Fax: (404) 639-8828.

BACKGROUND Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in coverage and other health outcomes. OBJECTIVES To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. DESIGN/METHODS Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. RESULTS Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3-74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5-82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was > or = 10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nations more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children.Abstract Background: Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in coverage and other health outcomes. Objectives: To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. Design/ Methods: Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. Results: Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3–74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5–82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was ≥10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state ( p Conclusions: Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nations more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children.

Health Department Clinics as Immunization Provides for Pediatric Patients in Urban and Rural Settings--A 1998 National Survey

Health Department Clinics as Immunization Provides for Pediatric Patients in Urban and Rural Settings--A 1998 National Survey

Economic Evaluation of Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine in the United States: A Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Model with Visual Basic Application

Economic Evaluation of Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine in the United States: A Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Model with Visual Basic Application