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Dive into the research topics where Brooks Carder is active.

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Featured researches published by Brooks Carder.


Science | 1971

Analgesia from Electrical Stimulation in the Brainstem of the Rat

David J. Mayer; Thomas L. Wolfle; Huda Akil; Brooks Carder; John C. Liebeskind

Stimulation at several mesencephalic and diencephalic sites abolished responsiveness to intense pain in rats while leaving responsiveness to other sensory modes relatively unaffected. The peripheral field of analgesia was usually restricted to one-half or to one quadrant of the body, and painful stimuli applied outside this field elicited a normal reaction. Analgesia outlasted stimulation by up to 5 minutes. Most electrode placements that produced analgesia also supported self-stimulation.One placement supported self-stimulation only in the presence of pain.


Science | 1970

Rats' preference for earned in comparison with free food.

Brooks Carder; Kenneth P. Berkowitz

Rats were trained to eat free food from a dish, then trained to press a lever for similar food. The free food was then presented while subjects were pressing on several reinforcement schedules. Subjects continued to press for reinforcement when one or two presses were required for reinforcement, and ate little free food. When ten presses were required for reinforcement, rats preferred free food and pressed little or not at all. It was concluded that, when work demands are not too high, rats prefer earned food to free food.


Physiology & Behavior | 1971

Motivational effects of electrical stimulation in dorsal tegmentum of the rat

Thomas L. Wolfle; David J. Mayer; Brooks Carder; John C. Liebeskind

Abstract Rats with electrodes in central gray (CG) or adjacent tegmentum (TEG) were tested for 1-way and 2-way avoidance and escape motivated by brain stimulation. Nearly all placements supported escape; 1-way avoidance; but few, 2-way avoidance. Placements not supporting 1-way avoidance were primarily in CG. Avoidance failures were not due to an inability to anticipate brain stimulation since most placements yielded strong conditioned suppression with brain stimulation as the US. Because 8 of 9 non-avoiders self-stimulated, avoidance failure was attributed to the rewarding onset of brain stimulation. High-rate self-stimulation was found primarily in CG. A dual motivational role for CG was proposed to account for the ability of CG placements to support escape, conditioned suppression and self-stimulation.


Physiology & Behavior | 1972

Marihuana and shock induced aggression in rats

Brooks Carder; James N. Olson

Abstract Rats treated with marihuana extract to yield 1- Δ 9 THC doses of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg fought more than controls in a shock-induced aggression situation. A dose of 0.12 mg/kg was ineffective, while doses of 1.00 and 2.00 suppressed fighting. When animals were familiarized with the test situation, the drug, or both, increases in aggression were not produced by the drug.


Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior | 1973

Learned behavioral tolerance to marihuana in rats.

Brooks Carder; James N. Olson

Abstract Rats were trained to press a lever for food reinforcement in one study and water reinforcement in a second. Rats which received marihuana extract each day before behavioral testing showed an impairment of responding on the first day of drug application, but developed behavioral tolerance to the drug by the sixth day of drug application. Rats which received equal doses of marihuana after each session, rather than before, over the same period, showed little or no evidence of behavioral tolerance when the drug was administered before testing. This result was interpreted to indicate that the development of behavioral tolerance to marihuana involves a learning process.


Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior | 1974

Mescaline and shock induced aggression in rats

Robert J. Sbordone; Brooks Carder

Abstract Rats were treated with mescaline and tested in a shock induced aggression situation. Low doses (10 mg) prolonged the bouts in the first experiment, but did not in the second. The topography of the fighting behavior for the animals given this dose was like that of controls. Doses of 50 mg/kg increased the duration of the bouts, and even caused fighting to continue during a five minute period following shock termination. In addition, the topography of the behavior changed. The rats treated with 50 mg/kg of mescaline were initially inactive and unresponsive to shock. After a few shocks, however, these rats engaged in prolonged biting attacks while in a prone position. It was proposed that the higher dose of mescaline induced an experimental catatonia in which normal inhibitory mechanisms that control and limit aggressive behavior are ineffective.


Psychonomic science | 1972

Rats’ preference for earned in comparison with free liquid reinforcers

Brooks Carder

Rats preferred to leverpress for sucrose solution rather than to take it free, but preferred free water over earned water. Adulteration of the sucrose solution with quinine produced a preference for free solution. Implications of these findings for a theory of the rat’s preference for earned food were discussed.


Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior | 1974

Behavioral tolerance to marihuana as a function of amount of prior training

James N. Olson; Brooks Carder

Abstract Rats were trained to run an alley for food reinforcement. Rats dosed with marihuana distillate before each session from the beginning of training showed a very slow improvement of performance during training. Rats that first received marijuana after reaching asymptotic performance showed a disruption of performance under the drug. These rats, however, rapidly developed a tolerance to the drug. It was concluded that increased prior training increases the rate of behavioral tolerance development.


Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior | 1975

Mescaline treated rats attack immobile targets

Brooks Carder; Robert J. Sbordone

Rats were exposed to a series of targets in a shock induced aggression situation. Control rats fought most with moving targets, such as another normal rat, and did not attack immobile targets, such as a dead rat or a rat model. Rats treated with 15 mg mescaline/kg showed a similar pattern of target control though they bit frequently while controls did not bite. Rats treated with 50 mg/kg delivered vigorous biting attacks to a variety of targets but fought most with the immobile dead rat. They failed to attack only the rat model. Much of the data were consistent with the hypothesis that mescaline releases aggressive behavior from inhibitory control, leading to longer and more vigorous attacks on a wider variety of targets. This hypothesis, however, failed to explain why stationary targets were more effective for animals treated with 50 mg mescaline/kg while only moving targets were effective for controls.


Bulletin of the psychonomic society | 1977

Shock-elicited aggression: Its displacement by a passive social orientation avoidance response

Robert Sbordone; John Garcia; Brooks Carder

Rats received shock contingent upon their social orientation to each other in a shock-elicited aggression situation. They could either fight or avoid shock by assuming a particular passive social orientation posture with respect to each other. Rather than fight, the rats quickly acquired the appropriate social orientation posture that prevented shock delivery. The results indicate that fighting should not be considered a prepotent response to pain elicited by shock in the presence of another animal of the same species.

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James N. Olson

University of California

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David J. Mayer

University of California

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Huda Akil

University of California

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John Garcia

University of California

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