Bruna Amorin

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy and acute graft-versus-host disease: a review.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being widely studied as potential cell therapy agents due to their immunomodulatory properties, which have been established by in vitro studies and in several clinical trials. Within this context, mesenchymal stem cell therapy appears to hold substantial promise, particularly in the treatment of conditions involving autoimmune and inflammatory components. Nevertheless, many research findings are still contradictory, mostly due to difficulties in characterization of the effects of MSCs in vivo. The purpose of this review is to report the mechanisms underlying mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease, particularly with respect to immunomodulation, migration, and homing, as well as report clinical applications described in the literature.

High prevalence of anemia in children and adult women in an urban population in southern Brazil.

This population-based study was designed to detect the prevalence of anemia in a healthy population of children (18 months to 7 years) and women (14 to 30 years) tested in 2006–2007 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil as part of an effort to tackle this massive problem that still affects so many people in the XXI century. Anemia was defined according to the WHO. Capillary blood was measured and socioeconomic status was determined according to the Brazilian Association of Market Research Agencies. The median prevalence of anemia in 2198 children was 45.4% and in 1999 women 36.4%. Anemia decreased with age during childhood; although significantly more prevalent in lower classes individuals, it was also high in the upper classes. There are indirect evidences that the lack of iron supplementation and/or iron fortified food may play a role in it. Professionals and society wise measures of education have to be implemented in order to address possible biologic factors involved in childhood psychosocial development in southern Brazil.

Erratum to “DNMT3A Mutations in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in South Brazil”

The purpose of this note is to correct both the analysis and typographical errors. The typos are as follows.   The abstract, line 6: In “in 6 patients (8%)” should read “in 5 patients (6%)”.   Page 4, line 12: In “8% (6) of the samples, being 5 missens” should read “6% (5) of the samples, being 4 missense”.   Page 4, line 19: In “Of the 6 cases” should read “Of the 5 cases”.   Page 4, line 20: In “(5, or 83.3%)” should read “(4, or 80%)”.   Page 4, second column, line 8: In “OS for patients with wild DNMT3A gene was 41.4% and for patients with mutated DNMT3A was 44.4% (P = 0.59)” should read “OS for patients with wild DNMT3A gene was 45.7% and for patients with mutated DNMT3A was 60.0% (P = 0.47)”.   Page 6, line 4: In “found in 8%” should read “found in 6%”.   Page 6, second column, line 13: In “3 of 6 mutations” should read “3 of 5 mutations”.   Page 6, second column, line 16: In “Five, or 80%,” should read “Four, or 80%,”.   Page 6, second column, line 18: In “(P = 0.28)” should read “(P = 0.34)”.   Page 6, second column, line 20: In “(20.7 × 109/L)” should read “(15.6 × 109/L)”.   Table 4, column 2, line 6: In “H896*” should read “P896*”. Table 4 Description of somatic mutations found in gene DNMT3A.   Table 4: Entire line 7 was excluded.   Table 5, line 2: In “40.2, 44.8 and 0.56” should read “47.4, 40.4 and 0.42”. Table 5 Clinical characteristics of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia with or without DNMT3A mutations.   Table 5, line 4: In “50% (3), 59.3% (45) and 0.68” should read “60% (3), 57.9% (44) and 0.92”.   Table 5, line 5: In “50% (3), 40.7% (31)” should read “40% (2), 42.1% (32)”.   Table 5, line 19: In “50% (3), 51.4% (37) and 1.000” should read “40% (2), 52.7% (39) and 0.66”.   Table 5, line 20: In “50% (2), 30.9% (17) and 0.58” should read “40% (2), 29.2% (21) and 0.63”.   We changed Figure 3 as shown above. Figure 3

DNMT3A Mutations in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in South Brazil

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex and heterogeneous hematopoietic tissue neoplasm. Several molecular markers have been described that help to classify AML patients into risk groups. DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) gene mutations have been recently identified in about 22% of AML patients and associated with poor prognosis as an independent risk factor. Our aims were to determine the frequency of somatic mutations in the gene DNMT3A and major chromosomal translocations in a sample of patients with AML. We investigated in 82 samples of bone marrow from patients with AML for somatic mutations in DNMT3A gene by sequencing and sought major fusion transcripts by RT-PCR. We found mutations in the DNMT3A gene in 6 patients (8%); 3 were type R882H. We found fusion transcripts in 19 patients, namely, AML1/ETO (n = 5; 6.1%), PML/RARα (n = 12; 14.6%), MLL/AF9 (0; 0%), and CBFβ/MYH11 (n = 2; 2.4%). The identification of recurrent mutations in the DNMT3A gene and their possible prognostic implications can be a valuable tool for making treatment decisions. This is the first study on the presence of somatic mutations of the DNMT3A gene in patients with AML in Brazil. The frequency of these mutations suggests a possible ethnogeographic variation.

Importance of Early Absolute Lymphocyte Count After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Study

INTRODUCTION Early lymphocyte recovery after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is related to the prevention of serious infections and the clearing of residual tumor cells. METHODS We analyzed the absolute lymphocyte count at 20 (D+20) and 30 (D+30) days after HSCT in 100 patients with malignant hematologic diseases and correlated with the risk of transplant-related mortality, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), nonrelapsed mortality (NRM), and risk of infection. RESULTS Patients presenting with lymphocyte counts of <300 × 103/μL on D+30 have a 3.76 times greater risk of death in <100 days. Over a medium follow-up of 20 months OS, DFS, and NRM were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION In our group of patients delayed lymphocyte recovery after HSCT was a predictor of early death post-HSCT.

Assessment of Regulatory T Cells in Childhood Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

This study had the objective to assess the frequency of Tregs in children newly diagnosed with ITP and ascertain whether an association exists between Tregs and platelet counts, by means of a comparison with healthy controls. This case-control study included 19 patients newly diagnosed with ITP—whose blood samples were collected at four points in time: before any therapy and 1, 3, and 6 months after diagnosis—and 19 healthy controls. Tregs (CD4+ CD25+Foxp3 T cells) were evaluated by flow cytometry. There was a statistically significant difference in platelet count between the case and control groups. There were no significant differences in Treg counts between cases and controls at any point during the course of the study and no difference in Treg counts between the chronic and nonchronic groups and no significant correlation between Tregs and platelet counts in the case and control groups. The findings of this study did not show any statistically significant correlation between Tregs and number of platelets in the case and control groups. Treg cells did not play a role in the regulation of autoimmunity in children with ITP.

Detection of minimal residual disease by flow cytometry for patients with multiple myeloma submitted to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The treatment strategy in multiple myeloma (MM) is to get complete remission followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). Neoplastic Plasma Cells (NPCs) are CD45−/dim, CD38+high, CD138+, CD19−, and  CD56+high in most cases. The description of this immunophenotype is of major importance as it leads to the correct identification of minimal residual disease (MRD). Samples from 44 Patients were analyzed prospectively in this study. We analyzed if the presence of MRD at three months after HSCT was predictive of relapse or death. There were 40 evaluable patients of whom 16/40 patients had MRD at three moths after HSCT and there were none in cytological relapse. The mean overall survival (OS) was 34 months and disease-free survival (RFS) was 28 months after HSCT. There was no significant difference in the log rank analysis comparing OS and the presence of MRD (P = 0,611) and RFS (P = 0,3106). Here, we demonstrate that three color flow cytometry (FCM) is more sensitive for MDR evaluation than cytological analyzes. However, based in our data we can not affirm that MRD is a good predictor of MM relapse or death. In conclusion, our results could be attributed to a short followup, small sample size, and over most to the inability of a three-color FCM to detect the NPC population.

Donor characteristics and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcome: experience of a single center in Southern Brazil

Background Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative treatment for many patients with hematological disorders. Donor–recipient genetic disparity, especially involving the human leukocyte antigen system is a critical factor for transplant outcome. Objective To evaluate retrospectively donor characteristics and correlations with the occurrence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, disease-free survival and overall survival in a Brazilian population submitted to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between 1994 and 2012 in a single center. Results Three hundred and forty-seven consecutive transplantations were included. Related transplants (81.2%) were significantly more common than unrelated transplants (18.7%); donor and recipient median ages were 34 (range: 1–61) and 33 (range: 3–65) years respectively with donor HLAs being matched for 333 (95.9%) patients. Donor gender, cytomegalovirus status and ABO incompatibility did not influence the five-year overall survival. In univariate analyses, overall survival was negatively influenced by the presence of acute graft-versus-host disease (33% vs. 47%, respectively; p-value = 0.04), unrelated transplant (41.5% vs. 50.9%, respectively; p-value = 0.045) and donors aged over 40 years (41% vs. 52%, respectively; p-value = 0.03). Older donors were associated with a higher rate of acute (52% vs. 65.8%; p-value = 0.03) and chronic graft-versus-host disease (60% vs. 43%, respectively; p-value = 0.015). In multivariate analyses, acute graft-versus-host disease [relative risk (RR): 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–29; p-value = 0.008] and older donors (RR: 1.6; 95% CI 1.11–2.24; p-value = 0.013) were associated with higher transplant-related mortality. Conclusions In transplant patients, to have a donor older than 40 years of age seems to significantly increase the incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease and transplant-related mortality with no impact on disease-free survival and overall survival. In spite of the rather small cohort of patients, these findings are similar to what is described in the literature suggesting that a younger donor should be chosen whenever possible.

Mesenchymal stem cells for Glenoid chondral lesions: An exceptional use

Background: Damage to the articular cartilage is usually caused by accidental or athletic injuries or trauma often progressing to more severe joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, subchondral bone necrosis, and arthritis. It is estimated that 15% of the world’s adult population is affected by joint diseases. The long-term success of cartilage repair depends on the development of alternative regenerative approaches. In recent years, the use of stem cells for the treatment of degenerative diseases has been widely explored. Here we report a case of exceptional use of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells expanded in medium supplemented with autologous platelet lysate in a patient with glenoid chondral erosion. Methods: A 17-year-old patient was diagnosed as having chondral erosion of the center of the labrum in the right shoulder, with symptoms of pain and insecurity in the right upper limb. Thirty days before arthroscopy, autologous platelets and stem cells were obtaind from apheresis and BM aspiration, respectively. Arthroscopy was then performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position with arm abducted to 45° under manual traction. Microfracture was performed in the central region defect, and MSC intra-articular injection was performe after extensive washing with sterile saline. Discussion: No adverse reactions were observed. Two years after arthroscopy, there were no sign of lesion in cartilage, rotator cuff or biceps tendon were observed in magnetic resonance imaging. Further studies are needed to validate the clinical efficacy and safety of MSC injection for glenoid chondral defect treatment. Trial registration: The procedure was approved by Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Research Ethics Committee protocol number 14-0545. Correspondence to: Lucia Silla, Cell Therapy and Technology Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350-90035903, Brazil, Tel: 55 51 3359 8000; E-mail: lsilla@hcpa.edu.br