Bruno Costa e Silva Nogueira

A Methodology for Mapping SysML Activity Diagram to Time Petri Net for Requirement Validation of Embedded Real-Time Systems with Energy Constraints

In this paper we use the Activity diagram of the System Modeling Language (SysML) in combination with the new UML profile for Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded systems (MARTE) in order to validate functional, timing and low power requirements in early phases of the embedded system development life-cycle. However, SysML lacks a formal semantics and hence it is not possible to apply, directly, mathematical techniques on SysML models for system validation. Thus, a novel approach for automatic translation of SysML Activity diagram into Time Petri Net with Energy constraints (ETPN) is proposed. In order to depict the practical usability of the proposed method, a case study is presented, namely, pulse-oximeter. Besides, the estimates obtained (execution time and energy consumption) from the model are 95% close to the respective measures obtained from the real hardware platform.

Mapping SysML State Machine Diagram to Time Petri Net for Analysis and Verification of Embedded Real-Time Systems with Energy Constraints

The main objective of this paper is to propose a solution for modeling, analysis and verification of embedded real-time systems with energy constraints. For that, we combine functionalities of the SysML models and annotation from MARTE with the advantages of using time Petri net. This formalism allows analysis and verification of functional, timing and energy requirements in early phases of the development lifecycle. In order to depict the practically usability of the proposed method, a real-world case study is presented, namely, pulse-oximeter. Experimental results have demonstrated an accuracy of 96% using the proposed formal method in comparison with the values obtained with the hardware platform.

Energy consumption and execution time estimation of embedded system applications

Embedded systems often have conflicting constraints such as energy and time which considerably harden the design of those systems. In this context, this work proposes a mechanism for supporting design decisions on energy consumption and performance of embedded system applications. In order to depict the practical usability of the proposed methodology, a real case study as well as customized examples are presented. The estimates obtained through the conceived model are 93% close to the respective measures obtained from the real hardware platform.

A coloured petri net based approach for estimating execution time and energy consumption in embedded systems

This paper presents a Coloured Petri net based approach for estimating execution time and energy consumption in embedded systems. The aim of this work is to provide, in the design phase, a mechanism that helps the designer informing the energy consumption and the performance of the code in analysis. Experimental results have demonstrated an accuracy of 96% using the proposed formal method in comparison with the values obtained with the hardware platform.

Mapping UML Interaction Overview Diagram to Time Petri Net for Analysis and Verification of Embedded Real-Time Systems with Energy Constraints

With the heterogeneity and complexity growth of embedded real-time systems (ERTS) is required an interdisciplinary approaches in the development processes embracing software engineering, mechanics, electric and electronics areas. Accordingly, a modeling language, called Unified Modeling Language (UML), has been specified by OMG (Object Management Group). However, when dealing with ERTS is indispensable the description of quantitative system aspects such as time and energy consumption. For that, a new UML Profile for Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded systems (MARTE) has been also specified by OMG. Nevertheless, these UML models themselves are not directly analyzable. This paper presents the mapping process of interaction overview diagram (IO) into a time Petri net with energy constraints (ETPN) so as to analyze and verify the functional, timing and energy requirements in early phases of the life-cycle development.

Model-driven software synthesis for hard real-time applications with energy constraints

Model-driven methods have been quite effective for reducing the intricacies of embedded software development, since they provide effective means for property verification as well as automatic code generation. Nevertheless, regarding energy-constrained hard real-time systems, few model-driven methods are available and, usually, most methods (model-driven or not) consider simplified system specifications, such as absence of intertask relations. This paper presents a model-driven method for software synthesis of hard real-time embedded applications with energy constraints. A formal model based on time Petri nets is adopted in order to provide a basis for pre-runtime schedule generation and property analysis/verification.

Mapping UML sequence diagram to time petri net for requirement validation of embedded real-time systems with energy constraints

Requirements validation is a critical task in any embedded real-time system project. Normally, these systems have stringent timing constraints that must be satisfied for the correct functioning, since violation might be catastrophic, such as loss of human lives. In addition, there are systems where energy is another constraint that must also be satisfied. Hence, early detection of potential problems may reduce risks of faults propagations from early specification to the final code. This paper presents the mapping process of UML Sequence diagram into a Time Petri Net with Energy constraints (ETPN) so as to validate timing and energy requirements in early phases of the embedded system development life-cycle. Besides, the estimates obtained from the model are 95% close to the respective measures obtained from the real hardware platform.

Performance and energy consumption estimation for commercial off-the-shelf component system design

Nowadays, component-based embedded real- time systems have been used to improve the system development as well as to keep cost down through the reuse of embedded software applications. Besides, the use of semi-formal models has been widely adopted in the embedded real-time system component and system life cycle due to their friendly and intuitive notations. However, the ever more complex systems of today require modeling methods that allow early detection of potential problems in the initial phases of development. This paper presents the mapping process of UML state machine diagram into a time Petri net with energy constraints so as to estimate execution time and energy consumption in early phases of the embedded real-time component development life cycle. The estimates obtained from the model show that the proposed approach is indeed a good approximation to the respective measures obtained from the real hardware platform.

AMALGHMA -An environment for measuring execution time and energy consumption in embedded systems

Measurement is an important activity whenever design embedded systems, as it provides means for platform characterization and selection as well as system validation and specification. The sample frequency is a key aspect for obtaining accurate and precise measures. Obtaining highly accurate and precise measures may require measurement systems able to gauge the system under measurement at very high sample rates. The sample rate and the sensing device of a measurement system are features that decisively affect its prices. Variability and noise are intrinsic phenomena to be handled, thus the adoption of robust and fast statistic methods are indispensable for accuracy, precision and may favour the cost reduction of measurement systems. This paper adopts a low cost measurement system for gauging execution time and energy consumption of embedded software applications. This platform allows designers to obtain accurate and precise estimates of software piece of codes as well as it is an attractive means for supporting embedded software code tuning.

A COTS-based approach for estimating performance and energy consumption of embedded real-time systems

Before deciding which COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) component will be developed to a given embedded software system, there is a need to estimate the energy consumption and execution time, since a good estimation can help in the decision of whether to implement a COTS solution or not. Thus, a designer is able to guarantee that a component will fit into a target system. This paper presents the mapping process of SysML State Machine diagram into a Time Petri Net with energy constraints in order to analyze timing and energy consumption requirements in early phases of the real-time embedded component development life-cycle. The estimates obtained from the model show that the proposed approach is indeed a good approximation to the respective measures obtained from the real hardware platform.