Bruno Théret

As instituições entre as estruturas e as ações

On the basis of a view of institutions as mediating between structures and individual behavior it is argued that the same basic development of institutionalism can be found in Political Science as well as in Economics or Sociology, according to three analytical currents, each with its own genealogy. In French economic theory these three currents correspond to the regulation theory, to the new institutional theory, and to the convention theory. Basically the new institutionalisms differ according to two great oppositions: 1) the weight given, in the genesis of institutions, either to conflicts of power and interests or to the coordination between individuals; 2) the role attributed either to a strictly instrumental rationality or to representations and culture.

The Socio-Political Dimensions of the Currency: Implications for the Transition to the Euro

In the first section of this paper, the author demonstrates the crucial significance of anchoring symbolically a currency in the representation of a social whole, not least when practical and technical problems bound up with the creation of a new unit of account and the associated means of payment have to be addressed. In the second section of the paper, on the basis of this analysis, a number of practical implications for the transition to the euro are drawn. The analysis starts with the irreducible political and social dimensions of money related to its traditional public functions. The differentiation of modern societies gives to national currencies a regulatory role in insuring the social bond, as the same currency must be accepted in the public economy as well as in the private one. A series of conditions of legitimacy and confidence in the currency can then be drawn from its participation in the social regulation. To achieve legitimacy, every currency must on the one hand be an instrument that can provide the necessary credit for the development of production and trade and allow people to pay their debts to the public authorities, but it must also serve as a symbol of political belonging to a community. This last dimension of the currency is very often overlooked precisely because it is taken for granted. It is these political and symbolic dimensions of money which the transition to the euro now puts squarely on the centre stage.