Byung-Man Kwak

A Study on the Robust Optimal Supporting Positions of TFT-LCD Glass Panel

In this paper we present robust optimal supporting positions for large glass panels used for TFT-LCD monitors when they are stored in a cassette during manufacturing process. The criterion taken is to minimize their maximum deflection. Since they are supported by some supports and have large deformations, contact analysis with a geometrically nonlinear effect is necessary. In addition, the center of a panel can not be positioned exactly as intended and should be considered as uncertainties. To take into account of these effects, the mean and the standard deviation of system response functions, particularly the deflection of the panels, need be calculated. A function approximation moment method (FAMM) is utilized to estimate them. It is a special type of response surface methodology for structural reliability analysis and can be efficiently used to estimate the two stochastic properties, that is, the system performance and the perturbations caused by uncertainties. For a design purpose, they are to be minimized simultaneously by some optimization algorithm to obtain robust optimal supporting positions.

Numerical Verification of the First Four Statistical Moments Estimated by a Function Approximation Moment Method

This research aims to examine accuracy and efficiency of the first four moments corresponding to mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, which are estimated by a function approximation moment method (FAMM). In FAMM, the moments are estimated from an approximating quadratic function of a system response function. The function approximation is performed on a specially selected experimental region for accuracy, and the number of function evaluations is taken equal to that of the unknown coefficients for efficiency. For this purpose, three error-minimizing conditions are utilized and corresponding canonical experimental regions constructed accordingly. An interpolation function is then obtained using a D-optimal design and then the first four moments of it are obtained as the estimates for the system response function. In order to verify accuracy and efficiency of FAMM, several non-linear examples are considered including a polynomial of order 4, an exponential function, and a rational function. The moments calculated from various coefficients of variation show very good accuracy and efficiency in comparison with those from analytic integration or the Monte Carlo simulation and the experimental design technique proposed by Taguchi and updated by D`Errico and Zaino.

Topology Optimization for a Knuckle Using Design Space Adjustment and Refinement

Design space optimization using design space adjustment and refinement is used to optimize a knuckle in the suspension system of an automobile. This approach is a new efficient method for large-scale topology optimization by virtue of two reasons. First, design space adjustment including design space expansion and reduction is suitable for large-scale problems. Second, the design space refinement can be done globally or locally where and when necessary and thus is very effective in obtaining a target resolution with much less number of elements. Compliance minimization for a knuckle is considered with a realistic working condition to show the effectiveness and superiority of the new approach.

Study on Feasibility of Applying Function Approximation Moment Method to Achieve Reliability-Based Design Optimization

Robust optimization or reliability-based design optimization are some of the methodologies that are employed to take into account the uncertainties of a system at the design stage. For applying such methodologies to solve industrial problems, accurate and efficient methods for estimating statistical moments and failure probability are required, and further, the results of sensitivity analysis, which is needed for searching direction during the optimization process, should also be accurate. The aim of this study is to employ the function approximation moment method into the sensitivity analysis formulation, which is expressed as an integral form, to verify the accuracy of the sensitivity results, and to solve a typical problem of reliability-based design optimization. These results are compared with those of other moment methods, and the feasibility of the function approximation moment method is verified. The sensitivity analysis formula with integral form is the efficient formulation for evaluating sensitivity because any additional function calculation is not needed provided the failure probability or statistical moments are calculated.

Expansion of Sensitivity Analysis for Statistical Moments and Probability Constraints to Non-Normal Variables

공학시스템을 해석하고 설계하는 단계에서 시스템 자체 혹은 시스템의 사용 환경에서 필연적으로 존재하는 불확실성(Uncertainty)에 의한 영향을 정량화하고 이를 해석 및 설계에 반영하려는 연구가 다양한 분야에서 이루어지고 있다. 공학 시스템 혹은 이를 구성하는 서브 시스템(Sub-system) 및 부품 단위에서 존재하는 대표적인 불확실 요소는 물성치의 산포, 공차에 의한 구조물의 형상 및 치수의 변화이고, 사용환경 측면에서는 하중 및 온도 조건의 다양성 등이다. 이러한 불확실성은 Key Words : Sensitivity Analysis(민감도 해석), Statistical Moment(통계적 모멘트), Probability Constraint(확률 제한조건), Moment Method(모멘트 방법), Non-Normal Distributions(비정규 분포) 초록: 설계단계에서 시스템의 불확실성을 반영하려는 노력이 다양하게 이루어지고 있으며, 강건 최적설계 혹은 신뢰도 기반 최적설계는 이에 대한 대표적인 설계 방법론이다. 이러한 최적화 수식에는 성능함수의 평균, 표준편차와 확률제한조건이 목적함수와 제한조건으로 주로 활용된다. 그러므로, 이러한 통계적 특성치를 효과적으로 계산하는 것은 필수적이며, 더 나아가 최적화 과정에서 비선형 계획법이 일반적으로 활용되므로 민감도가 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 통계적 모멘트와 확률제한조건에 대해 적분 형태로 정의되는 민감도 수식을 비정규 분포로 확장하고자 한다. 얻어진 민감도 해석 결과는 통계적 모멘트와 손상확률이 설계점에서 계산된 경우, 민감도를 얻기 위해 추가로 성능함수를 계산할 필요가 없음을 보여주므로 효율성 측면에서 우수하다. 그러나, 민감도 수식이 성능함수와 확률밀도함수의 미분과정에서 얻어지는 함수의 곱으로 정의되므로, 동일한 수치적분 방법이 적용되는 경우 민감도 해석 결과는 통계적 모멘트 결과의 정확도에 미치지 못할 가능성이 있다. Abstract: The efforts of reflecting the system’s uncertainties in design step have been made and robust optimization or reliability-based design optimization are examples of the most famous methodologies. The statistical moments of a performance function and the constraints corresponding to probability conditions are involved in the formulation of these methodologies. Therefore, it is essential to effectively and accurately calculate them. The sensitivities of these methodologies have to be determined when nonlinear programming is utilized during the optimization process. The sensitivity of statistical moments and probability constraints is expressed in the integral form and limited to the normal random variable; we aim to expand the sensitivity formulation to non-normal variables. Additional functional calculation will not be required when statistical moments and failure or satisfaction probabilities are already obtained at a design point. On the other hand, the accuracy of the sensitivity results could be worse than that of the moments because the target function is expressed as a product of the performance function and the explicit functions derived from probability density functions.

Design of a mechanical joint for zero moment crane by kriging

This study focuses on the design of a mechanical joint for a zero moment crane (ZMC), which is a specialized loading/unloading system used in a mobile harbor (MH). The mechanical joint is based on the concept of zero moment point (ZMP), and it plays an important role in stabilizing a ZMC. For effective stabilization, it is necessary to ensure that the mechanical joint is robust to a wide variety of loads; further, the joint must allow the structures connected to it to perform rotational motion with two degrees of freedom By adopting a traditional design process, we designed a new mechanical joint; in this design, a universal joint is coupled with a spherical joint, and then, deformable rolling elements are incorporated. The rolling elements facilitate load distribution and help in decreasing power loss during loading/unloading. Because of the complexity of the proposed system, Kriging-based approximate optimization method is used for enhancing the optimization efficiency. In order to validate the design of the proposed mechanical joint, a structural analysis is performed, and a small-scale prototype is built.

Pyroelectric Peyformance Evaluation of Pure PZT and Alternately Deposited PZT/PT Thin Films

To improve the performance of the PZT thin flms, each PZT and PT layer was alternately deposited on a Pt/Ti/SiN/SiO/Si substrate by a modified sol-gel solid precursor technique. For comparison, PZT thin films were also prepared with an identical method under the same conditions. XRD measurement revealed that the diffraction pattern of the multilayer film was due to the superimposition of the PZT and PT patterns. At 1㎑, a dielectric constant of 389 and 558, a dielectric loss of 1.2% and 1.1% were obtained for the PZT/PT and PZT thin films, respectively. If we consider the PT dielectric constant to be 260, it is clear that the dielectric constant of alternately deposited PZT/PT thin films was well adjusted. The PZT/PT thin film showed a low dielectric constant and a similar dielectric loss compared with those of the PZT film. The figures of merit on detectivity for the PZT/PT and PZT thin films were 20.310-6/㎩-/, and 18.710-6/㎩-/, and the figures of merit on voltage response were 0.038㎡/C and 0.028 ㎡/C, respectively. The high figures of merit for the PZT/PT film were ascribed to its relatively low dielectric constant when compared to the PZT thin films.

Design, Fabricaiton and Testing of a Piezoresistive Cantilever-Beam Microaccelerometer for Automotive Airbag Applications

A self-diagnostic, air-damped, piezoresitive, cantilever-beam microaccelerometer has been designed, fabricated and tested for applications to automotive electronic airbag systems. A skew-symmetric proof-mass has been designed for self-diagnostic capability and zero transverse sensitivity. Two kinds of multi-step anisotropic etching processes are developed for beam thickness control and fillet-rounding formation, UV-curing paste has been used for sillicon-to-glass bounding. The resonant frequency of 2.07kHz has been measured from the fabricated devices. The sensitivity of 195 /g is obtained with a nonlinearity of 4% over 50g ranges. Flat amplitude response and frequency-proportional phase response have been obserbed, It is shown that the design and fabricaiton methods developed in the present study yield a simple, practical and effective mean for improving the performance, reliability as well as the reproducibility of the accelerometers.

Design Fabrication and Testing of a Microswitch Using Snap-through Buckling Phenomenon

A snapping-beam microswitch has been designed, fabricated and tested. From a design analysis, necessary and sufficient conditions for a snap-through switching fouction have been derived for a clamped shallow beam. The necessary condition has resulted in a geometric relation, in which the ratio of beam thickness to initial beam deflection plays a key role in the snapping ability. The sufficient condition for the snapping action has been obtained as a function of the inertia force due to applied acceleration, and the electrostatic force, adjustable by an inter-electrode voltage. For experimental investigations, a set of microbeams of silicon dioxide/silicon bimorphs have been fabricated. Geometric size and mechanical behavior of each material film have been measured from on-chip test structures. Estimated and measured characteristics of the fabricated devices are compared.