C. B. Ammerman

Relative bioavailability of organic zinc sources based on tissue zinc and metallothionein in chicks fed conventional dietary zinc concentrations

An experiment was conducted to estimate relative bioavailability (RBV) of Zn in Zinc proteinate and Zinc methionine compared to Zinc acetate as the standard. A total of 432, 1-day-old male broiler chicks was assigned randomly to dietary treatments which included the basal maize–soyabean meal diet (24xa0mg Znxa0kg−1 DM) supplemented with 0, 30, 60, or 90xa0mgxa0kg−1 added Zn as reagent grade Zinc acetate or 30 or 60xa0mgxa0kg−1 added Zn from Zinc methionine or Zinc proteinate fed for 3, 6, or 9 days. Accumulation of Zn in bone increased (P<0.001) with supplemental Zn and age. Bone Zn concentration was greater (P<0.001) in chicks given Zinc proteinate. Hepatic and mucosal metallothionein (MT) increased (P<0.001) with supplemented Zn and age. Using Zinc acetate as a standard (1.00) in multiple linear regressions gave estimated RBV values of 1.10, 1.24, and 1.16 for Zinc proteinate and 0.88, 0.91 and 0.78 for Zinc methionine at 3, 6, and 9 days, respectively, based on bone Zn concentrations. Similar estimates were calculated using mucosal MT. The coefficient of determination was greater for the mucosal MT regression at 3 days compared to that for bone Zn. Mucosal MT appears to be a suitable criterion to estimate bioavailability of Zn sources during short term trials.

Estimation of the relative bioavailability of inorganic copper sources for sheep

Three experiments were conducted with sheep to assess the relative bioavailability of copper (Cu) in supplemental Cu sources by measuring liver uptake of Cu. In all experiments an initial liver biopsy was taken and then experimental diets were fed for 10 days. In Experiment 1, body Cu stores were depleted by twice weekly intravenous injection for 3 weeks with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate before liver biopsies were taken. Dietary treatments were the basal diet (8.7 mg/kg Cu) supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg Cu as reagent grade cupric acetate (standard) or 60 mg/kg Cu as feed grade cupric oxide, sulfate or carbonate. In Experiment 2, the basal diet (8.3 mg/kg Cu) was supplemented with 0, 60, 120 or 180 mg/kg Cu from the standard, reagent grade cupric chloride or 120 mg/kg Cu from feed grade cupric oxide, sulfate or carbonate. In Experiment 3, the basal diet (12.6 mg/kg Cu) was supplemented with 0, 60, 120 or 180 mg/kg as reagent grade cupric chloride (standard) or 120 mg/kg Cu as reagent grade cupric acetate, or feed grade cupric oxide or sulfate. At the end of the three experiments, lambs were killed and livers frozen for Cu analysis. Average relative bioavailability values from Experiments 2 and 3 based on multiple linear regression of liver Cu concentration on added dietary Cu concentration with the initial biopsy Cu as a covariate were 100, 93, 142, 121, and 35 from cupric chloride, acetate, sulfate, carbonate and oxide, respectively.

Effects of high dietary molybdenum concentration and duration of feeding time on molybdenum and copper metabolism in sheep

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of elevated dietary Mo and duration of feeding on tissue concentrations and excretion of Mo and Cu. Forty lambs were fed diets containing 0, 15, 30 or 45xa0mgxa0kg −1 (as-fed basis) added Mo as sodium molybdate for 14 or 28 days. The basal corn-soya-bean meal-cottonseed hulls diet contained 1.2xa0mgxa0kg −1 Mo, 11xa0mgxa0kg −1 Cu, and 2.2xa0gxa0kg −1 S (DM basis). Concentration of Mo increased linearly in feces, urine, serum, liver, kidney and muscle as dietary Mo increased. There was no effect of time on fecal, urinary, liver or muscle Mo concentrations. Liver Mo concentration increased ( p p p p xa0=xa00.05) to increase at 28 but not 14 days. Total serum Cu and TCA-insoluble serum Cu also increased ( p

Relative bioavailability of copper in a copperlysine complex for chicks and lambs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the relative bioavailability of Cu in a Cu-lysine complex with that of reagent grade CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O for chicks and lambs. Chicks were fed a basal diet (11 mg kg −1 Cu, dry matter (DM) basis) or the basal diet supplemented with 150, 300 or 450 mg kg −1 Cu from either of the two Cu sources for 18 days. Birds were killed and liver Cu concentrations determined. Liver biopsy samples were collected from wether lambs who were then fed the basal diet (9.5 mg kg −1 Cu DM) or the basal diet supplemented with 60, 120 or 180 mg kg −1 Cu from either source for 10 days. Copper in the initial biopsy was used as a covariate in the multiple linear regression of log 10 final liver Cu concentration on added dietary Cu concentration. Slope ratio comparisons gave relative Cu bioavailability values of 99 and 68 for Cu-lysine in chicks and lambs, respectively, compared with 100 for CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O for both species.

Estimation of the relative bioavailability of zinc from inorganic zinc sources for sheep

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study bioavailability of reagent (RG) and feed (FG) grade sources of Zn for sheep based on tissue Zn uptake and liver metallothionein (MT) concentration. In both experiments, 42 crossbred wether lambs were given a practical basal diet containing 44 mg kg −1 Zn (Exp. 1) or 64 mg kg −1 Zn (Exp. 2) for a 7 day adjustment period followed by experimental diets for 23 days. In Exp. 1, the basal diet was supplemented with 0, 700, 1400, or 2100 mg kg −1 Zn as RG ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O (standard) or 1400 mg kg −1 Zn as RG Zn basic carbonate, Zn oxide, or metallic Zn. Based on multiple linear regression slope ratios of log 10 transformed accumulation of Zn in pancreas, liver and kidney on dietary Zn concentration, relative bioavailability estimates were sulfate 100, carbonate 106, oxide 106, and metal 76. In Exp. 2, added concentrations were the same and sources were FG sulfate-A (standard) or FG sulfate-B, oxide-A, and oxide-B. Bioavailability estimates on the same basis were 100, 86, 87, and 79 respectively. Use of liver MT as the response criterion gave estimates of 100, 88, 88, and 77 respectively.

Effects of time and dietary iron on tissue iron concentration as an estimate of relative bioavailability of supplemental iron sources for ruminants

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of time and dietary Fe on tissue Fe concentrations following short-term, high level supplementation for use as a bioassay procedure for supplemental Fe sources for ruminants. In Experiment 1, 28 wethers were allotted randomly to four experimental diets which were fed for 15 or 30 days. The basal maize–soyabean meal–cottonseed hulls diet (193xa0mgxa0kg −1 Fe) was supplemented with 0, 400, 800 or1200xa0mgxa0kg −1 added Fe from reagent grade ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O). Iron concentrations in liver, kidney, and spleen increased ( P −1 Fe) supplemented with 0, 300, 600 or 900xa0mgxa0kg −1 added Fe from ferrous sulfate or 600xa0mgxa0kg −1 Fe from ferrous carbonates A, B, or C. Liver Fe concentrations from sheep fed ferrous sulfate were numerically greater than those of animals fed the carbonate sources or control diet. Kidney Fe concentrations from lambs fed ferrous sulfate at 600xa0mgxa0kg −1 Fe or carbonate-A were greater ( P P −1 Fe as ferrous sulfate, but were similar to other carbonates. Overall average bioavailability estimates based on multiple regression slope ratios for the three tissues were ferrous sulfate 1.00, carbonate-A 0.55, carbonate-B 0.00, and carbonate-C 0.20. Estimates for carbonates A and C were similar to those based on hemoglobin concentrations reported previously for young swine supplemented at dietary concentrations near the requirement.

Bioavailability of cobalt sources for ruminants. 2. Estimation of the relative value of reagent grade and feed grade cobalt sources from tissue cobalt accumulation and vitamin B12 concentrations

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to estimate the bioavailability of cobalt (Co) in reagent grade and feed grade Co sources for sheep. In Experiments 1 and 2, 27 mature sheep were assigned randomly to nine treatment groups. Treatments were the basal diet supplemented with 0, 20, 40, or 60 ppm reagent grade (RG) Co sulfate (standard) or 40 ppm Co as either RG Co oxide or Co carbonate or feed grade (FG) Co oxide, Co carbonate, or a Co oxide by-product (BP). Sheep were fed the experimental diets for 20 days. In Experiment 1, liver, kidney, heart, muscle, and spleen were collected. In Experiment 2, liver, kidney, and serum were collected. In Experiment 3, lambs were fed the basal control diet or basal supplemented with 0, 20, 40, or 60 ppm Co as RG Co sulfate or FG Co glucoheptonate for 16 days and liver, kidney, and serum were collected. Vitamin B 12 was determined in serum and liver in Experiment 3. Cobalt concentration was determined on all other samples. There was no effect of Co treatment on feed intake in any of the experiments. Tissue Co concentrations increased with Co supplementation in all three trials. In Experiment 1, serum and liver vitamin B 12 concentrations increased with increasing Co up to 40 ppm added Co. In Experiment 3, vitamin B 12 concentrations were variable but generally decreased with increasing Co as did total corrinoid concentrations. Based on liver and kidney Co concentrations the Co in Co sulfate, both carbonates and the glucoheptonate was more available than that in any of the three oxide forms.

Effect of high dietary zinc concentration and length of zinc feeding on feed intake and tissue zinc concentration in sheep

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of high dietary Zn concentration and length of Zn feeding on feed intake and tissue Zn concentration in sheep. In Experiment 1, 24 whethers were fed a basal diet containing 41 mg kg −1 Zn dry matter (DM) basis and supplemented with 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, or 2500 mg kg −1 Zn as reagent grade ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O for 10 days and voluntary feed intake was measured daily. There was no difference in average feed intake among treatment groups. Intake of feed decreased between Day 2 and Day 5 for sheep given most diets, but recovered thereafter. In Experiment 2, 27 wethers were supplemented with 700, 1400, or 2100 mg kg −1 Zn added to the basal diet containing 30 mg kg −1 Zn (DM basis) for either 10, 20, or 30 days, in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangment of treatments. Three additional sheep were killed at the start of the experiment to serve as controls for tissue Zn concentration. Feed intake did not differ among treatments. There was no difference in bone, heart, or muscle Zn due to dietary treatment or time. Liver and kidney Zn increased with increasing dietary Zn and length of feeding period. Spleen Zn also increased with dietary Zn. The best fits to a linear model were found for liver and kidney Zn concentration at 20 days. These tissues appear to be the most sensitive for future Zn bioavailability studies with ruminants.

Estimated relative bioavailability of supplemental inorganic molybdenum sources and their effect on tissue molybdenum and copper concentrations in lambs

Abstract Forty crossbred wether lambs, 44xa0kg initial body weight, were used to study relative bioavailability of Mo in supplemental Mo sources and their effects on body Cu storage. The basal maize-soya-bean meal-cottonseed hulls diet contained 11.5xa0mgxa0kg −1 Cu, 1.1xa0mgxa0kg −1 Mo and 2.1xa0gxa0kg −1 S (DM basis) and was supplemented with 0, 15, 30, or 45xa0mgxa0kg −1 (as-fed basis) added Mo as reagent grade sodium molybdate as the standard, or 30xa0mgxa0kg −1 added Mo as ammonium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, or molybdenum metal. Diets were fed for 28 days and feces and urine were collected for the last 5 days and composited by lamb. At the end of the trial, serum, liver, kidney, muscle, and bile were collected and analyzed for Mo and Cu. Based on multiple regression slope ratios of tissue concentration or daily excretion (including that from bile) of Mo on added dietary Mo concentration, the average relative bioavailability values were 1.00, 1.04, 1.10 and 0.18 for sodium molybdate, ammonium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, and molybdenum metal. Serum and muscle Mo concentrations had the best fits to a linear model. Kidney Cu, serum total Cu, serum TCA-insoluble Cu, and fecal Cu concentrations increased with increasing dietary intakes of Mo.

Bioavailability of cobalt sources for ruminants. 1. Effects of time and dietary cobalt concentration on tissue cobalt concentration

Abstract An experiment was conducted with 27 mature wethers initially averaging 59.8 ± 5.6 kg in body weight to study the effect of time and dietary Co concentration on tissue Co concentrations as a potential bioassay for Co sources. The 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments included 0, 20, or 40 ppm added Co as reagent grade CoSO 4 ·H 2 O added to a basal diet containing 0.17 ppm Co and fed for 20, 40, or 60 d. Sheep were offered diets and tap water ad libitum. At the end of each period sheep were weighed and killed for tissue collection. At 20 d only livers were taken; thereafter kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, and heart were also collected. There was no effect of time (P=0.07) or dietary Co (P=0.84) on average daily feed intake. Cobalt increased in liver (P