C. B. Netterfield

Detection of

We report results from the BICEP2 experiment, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeter specifically designed to search for the signal of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum around ℓ∼80. The telescope comprised a 26 cm aperture all-cold refracting optical system equipped with a focal plane of 512 antenna coupled transition edge sensor 150 GHz bolometers each with temperature sensitivity of ≈300  μK(CMB)√s. BICEP2 observed from the South Pole for three seasons from 2010 to 2012. A low-foreground region of sky with an effective area of 380 square deg was observed to a depth of 87 nK deg in Stokes Q and U. In this paper we describe the observations, data reduction, maps, simulations, and results. We find an excess of B-mode power over the base lensed-ΛCDM expectation in the range 30 < ℓ < 150, inconsistent with the null hypothesis at a significance of >5σ. Through jackknife tests and simulations based on detailed calibration measurements we show that systematic contamination is much smaller than the observed excess. Cross correlating against WMAP 23 GHz maps we find that Galactic synchrotron makes a negligible contribution to the observed signal. We also examine a number of available models of polarized dust emission and find that at their default parameter values they predict power ∼(5-10)× smaller than the observed excess signal (with no significant cross-correlation with our maps). However, these models are not sufficiently constrained by external public data to exclude the possibility of dust emission bright enough to explain the entire excess signal. Cross correlating BICEP2 against 100 GHz maps from the BICEP1 experiment, the excess signal is confirmed with 3σ significance and its spectral index is found to be consistent with that of the CMB, disfavoring dust at 1.7σ. The observed B-mode power spectrum is well fit by a lensed-ΛCDM+tensor theoretical model with tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.20_(-0.05)(+0.07), with r = 0 disfavored at 7.0σ. Accounting for the contribution of foreground, dust will shift this value downward by an amount which will be better constrained with upcoming data sets.

B

We present a map and an angular power spectrum of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from the first flight of MAXIMA. MAXIMA is a balloon-borne experiment with an array of 16 bolometric photometers operated at 100 mK. MAXIMA observed a 124 square degrees region of the sky with 10 arcminute resolution at frequencies of 150, 240 and 410 GHz. The data were calibrated using in-flight measurements of the CMB dipole anisotropy. A map of the CMB anisotropy was produced from three 150 and one 240 GHz photometer without need for foreground subtractions. Analysis of this CMB map yields a power spectrum for the CMB anisotropy over the range 36 < l < 785. The spectrum shows a peak with an amplitude of 78 +/- 6 micro-Kelvin at l ~ 220 and an amplitude varying between ~40 micro-Kelvin and ~50 micro-Kelvin for 400 < l < 785.

-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2

Recent results from BOOMERANG-98 and MAXIMA-1, taken together with COBE DMR, provide consistent and high signal-to-noise measurements of the cosmic microwave background power spectrum at spherical harmonic multipole bands over 2<l less similar to 800. Analysis of the combined data yields 68% (95%) confidence limits on the total density, Omega(tot) approximately 1.11+/-0.07 (+0.13)(-0.12), the baryon density, Omega(b)h(2) approximately 0.032(+0.005)(-0.004) (+0.009)(-0.008), and the scalar spectral tilt, n(s) approximately 1.01(+0.09)(-0.07) (+0.17)(-0.14). These data are consistent with inflationary initial conditions for structure formation. Taken together with other cosmological observations, they imply the existence of both nonbaryonic dark matter and dark energy in the Universe.

MAXIMA-1: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy on Angular Scales of 10'-5°

Multiple Peaks in the Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background: Significance and Consequences for Cosmology arXiv:astro-ph/0105296 v1 17 May 2001 P. de Bernardis 1 , P.A.R. Ade 2 , J.J. Bock 3 , J.R. Bond 4 , J. Borrill 5 , A. Boscaleri 6 , K. Coble 7 , C.R. Contaldi 4 , B.P. Crill 8 , G. De Troia 1 , P. Farese 7 , K. Ganga 9 , M. Giacometti 1 , E. Hivon 9 , V.V. Hristov 8 , A. Iacoangeli 1 , A.H. Jaffe 10 , W.C. Jones 8 , A.E. Lange 8 , L. Martinis 11 , S. Masi 1 , P. Mason 8 , P.D. Mauskopf 12 , A. Melchiorri 13 , T. Montroy 7 , C.B. Netterfield 14 , E. Pascale 6 , F. Piacentini 1 , D. Pogosyan 4 , G. Polenta 1 , F. Pongetti 15 , S. Prunet 4 , G. Romeo 15 , J.E. Ruhl 7 , F. Scaramuzzi 11 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita’ La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Canada National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, USA IROE-CNR, Firenze, Italy Dept. of Physics, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Lab and Center for Particle Astrophysics, University of CA, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ENEA, Frascati, Italy Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3YB, Wales, UK Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford, OX 3RH, UK Depts. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toronto, Canada Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica, Roma, Italy ABSTRACT Three peaks and two dips have been detected in the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background from the BOOMERANG experiment, at ∼ 210, 540, 840 and ∼ 420, 750, respec- tively. Using model-independent analyses, we find that all five features are statistically significant and we measure their location and amplitude. These are consistent with the adiabatic inflation- ary model. We also calculate the mean and variance of the peak and dip locations and amplitudes in a large 7-dimensional parameter space of such models, which gives good agreement with the model-independent estimates, and forecast where the next few peaks and dips should be found if the basic paradigm is correct. We test the robustness of our results by comparing Bayesian marginalization techniques on this space with likelihood maximization techniques applied to a sec- ond 7-dimensional cosmological parameter space, using an independent computational pipeline, and find excellent agreement: Ω tot = 1.02 +0.06 vs. 1.04±0.05, Ω b h 2 = 0.022 −0.003 vs. 0.019 +0.005 , and n s = 0.96 −0.09 vs. 0.90±0.08. The deviation in primordial spectral index n s is a consequence of the strong correlation with the optical depth. Subject headings: Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy, Cosmology

Cosmology from MAXIMA-1, BOOMERANG, and COBE DMR Cosmic Microwave Background Observations

We report measurements of the CMB polarization power spectra from the 2003 January Antarctic flight of BOOMERANG. The primary results come from 6 days of observation of a patch covering 0.22% of the sky centered near R.A. = 825, decl. = -45

Multiple peaks in the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background: Significance and consequences for cosmology

The anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation contains information about the contents and history of the universe. We report new limits on cosmological parameters derived from the angular power spectrum measured in the first Antarctic flight of the BOOMERANG experiment. Within the framework of inflation-motivated adiabatic cold dark matter models, and using only weakly restrictive prior probabilites on the age of the universe and the Hubble expansion parameter

A Measurement of the CMB EE Spectrum from the 2003 Flight of BOOMERANG

h

Cosmological parameters from the first results of Boomerang

, we find that the curvature is consistent with flat and that the primordial fluctuation spectrum is consistent with scale invariant, in agreement with the basic inflation paradigm. We find that the data prefer a baryon density

A measurement of the angular power spectrum of the CMB temperature anisotropy from the 2003 flight of Boomerang

\Omega_b h^2

BICEP2 II: Experiment and Three-Year Data Set

above, though similar to, the estimates from light element abundances and big bang nucleosynthesis. When combined with large scale structure observations, the BOOMERANG data provide clear detections of both dark matter and dark energy contributions to the total energy density