C.C.S. Lim

Survival of Elderly Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

OBJECTIVES We sought to assess clinical outcomes of elderly patients (age >or=75 years) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) in a contemporary multicenter PCI registry. BACKGROUND Although benefits of early PCI have been shown in younger groups, few studies have reported on clinical outcomes in elderly shock patients using current PCI techniques. METHODS We analyzed baseline characteristics and procedural and clinical outcomes in 143 consecutive patients presenting with MI and CS who underwent PCI from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry between 2004 and 2007. RESULTS Of the 143 patients, 31.5% (n = 45) were elderly and 68.5% were younger (age <75 years). Elderly patients were more likely to be female (46.7% vs. 22.4%, p < 0.01) and have hypertension (77.8% vs. 46.4%, p < 0.01), previous MI (31.1% vs. 15.5%, p = 0.03), renal failure (24.4% vs. 11.3%, p < 0.05) and multivessel coronary artery disease (93.1% vs. 68.3%, p < 0.01). Stent (86.7% vs. 94.8%, p = 0.09), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (68.9% vs. 65.3%, p = 0.67), and intra-aortic balloon pump (57.8% vs. 58.2%, p = 0.97) use were similar in both groups. In-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year mortality in the elderly group versus the younger group were 42.2% vs. 33.7% (p = 0.32), 43.2% vs. 36.1% (p = 0.42), and 52.6% vs. 46.8% (p = 0.56), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the 1-year survival of elderly patients with acute MI complicated by CS undergoing PCI was comparable to younger patients. These data suggest that in elderly patients presenting with CS, benefit is possible with selective use of early revascularization and merits further investigation.

Myocardial injury following coronary artery surgery versus angioplasty (MICASA): a randomised trial using biochemical markers and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

AIMS To compare the frequency and extent of Troponin I and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) defined injury following PCI compared with CABG in patients with multivessel and/or left main coronary artery disease (CAD), and interpret these finding in light of the new ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force definitions for necrosis and infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Prospective, registered, single centre randomised controlled trial. Eighty patients with 3 vessel CAD (≥ 50% stenoses), or 2 vessel CAD including a type C lesion in the LAD, and/or left main disease were enrolled. Mean SYNTAX and EuroSCOREs were similar for both groups. Forty patients underwent PCI with drug eluting stents and 39 underwent CABG (one died prior to CABG). In the PCI group 6/38 (15.8%) patients had LGE, compared with 9/32 (28.1%) CABG patients (p = 0.25). Using the new Task Force definitions, necrosis occurred in 30/40 (75%) PCI patients and 35/35 (100%) CABG patients (p = 0.001), whilst infarction occurred in 30/40 (75%) PCI patients and 9/32 (28.1%) CABG patients (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Periprocedural necrosis according to the Task Force definition was significantly lower in the PCI group, and universal in the CABG group. The incidence and extent of CMR defined infarction following PCI did not differ compared with CABG. This demonstrates that PCI can achieve revascularisation in complex patients without increased procedural myocardial damage.

Survival in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by out-of-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND Controversy remains regarding the benefit of early PCI in patients with MI complicated by OHCA. METHODS We analyzed the outcomes of 88 consecutive patients presenting with MI complicated by OHCA compared to 5101 patients with MI without OHCA who underwent PCI from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry between 2004 and 2009. RESULTS Patients with OHCA had a higher proportion of ST-elevation MI presentations (90.9% vs. 50%, p<0.01) and were more likely to be to be in cardiogenic shock (38.6% vs. 4.6%, p<0.01). Procedural success was similar in the two groups (95.5% OHCA vs. 96.5% non-OHCA MI cohort, p=0.65). In-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year survival in the OHCA cohort versus the non-OHCA MI cohort were 62.5% vs. 97.2% (p<0.01), 61.4% vs. 96.5% (p<0.01), and 60.2% vs. 94.2% (p<0.01), respectively. Within the OHCA cohort, presentation with cardiogenic shock (OR 7.2, 95% CI: 2.7-18.8; p<0.01) was strongly associated with in-hospital mortality. Importantly, 1-year survival of patients discharged alive from hospital was similar between the two groups (96% vs. 97% p=0.8). CONCLUSION Patients with MI complicated by OHCA remain a high-risk group associated with high mortality. However, high procedural success rates similar to non-OHCA patients can be attained. Survival rates better than previously reported were observed with an emergent PCI approach, with 1-year survival comparable to a non-OHCA cohort if patients survive to hospital discharge.

Long-term survival of elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

BACKGROUND The long-term benefit of early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for cardiogenic shock (CS) in elderly patients remains unclear. We sought to assess the long-term survival of elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years) with myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by CS undergoing PCI. METHODS We analyzed baseline characteristics, early outcomes, and long-term survival in 421 consecutive patients presenting with MI and CS who underwent PCI from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry from 2004 to 2011. Mean follow-up of patients who survived to hospital discharge was 3.0 ± 1.8 years. RESULTS Of the 421 consecutive patients, 122 patients were elderly (≥ 75 years) and 299 patients were younger (< 75 years). The elderly cohort had significantly more females, peripheral and cerebrovascular disease, renal impairment, heart failure (HF) and prior MI (all p < 0.05). Procedural success was lower in the elderly (83% vs. 92%, p < 0.01). Long-term mortality was significantly higher in the elderly (p < 0.01), driven by high in-hospital mortality (48% vs. 36%, p < 0.05). However, in a landmark analysis of hospital survivors in the elderly group, long-term mortality rates stabilized, approximating younger patients with CS (p = 0.22). Unsuccessful procedure, renal impairment, HF and diabetes mellitus were independent predictors of long-term mortality. However, age ≥ 75 was not a significant predictor (HR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9-1.7; p = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Elderly patients with MI and CS have lower procedural success and higher in-hospital mortality compared to younger patients. However, comparable long-term survival can be achieved, especially in patients who survive to hospital discharge with the selective use of early revascularization.

Myocardial perfusion imaging after coronary artery bypass surgery using cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a validation study.

Background— Absolute quantification of perfusion with cardiovascular magnetic resonance has not previously been applied in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Owing to increased contrast bolus dispersion due to the greater distance of travel through a bypass graft, this approach may result in systematic underestimation of myocardial blood flow (MBF). As resting MBF remains normal in segments supplied by noncritical coronary stenosis (<85%), measurement of perfusion in such territories may be utilized to reveal systematic error in the quantification of MBF. The objective of this study was to test whether absolute quantification of perfusion with cardiovascular magnetic resonance systematically underestimates MBF in segments subtended by bypass grafts. Methods and Results— The study population comprised 28 patients undergoing elective CABG for treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease. Eligible patients had angiographic evidence of at least 1 myocardial segment subtended by a noncritically stenosed coronary artery (<85%). Subjects were studied at 1.5 T, with evaluation of resting MBF using model-independent deconvolution. Analyses were confined to myocardial segments subtended by native coronary arteries with <85% stenosis at baseline, and MBF was compared in grafted and ungrafted segments before and after revascularization. A total of 249 segments were subtended by coronary arteries with <85% stenosis at baseline. After revascularization, there was no significant difference in MBF in ungrafted (0.82±0.19 mL/min/g) versus grafted segments (0.82±0.15 mL/min/g, P=0.57). In the latter, MBF after revascularization did not change significantly from baseline (0.86±0.20 mL/min/g, P=0.82). Conclusions— Model-independent deconvolution analysis does not systematically underestimate blood flow in graft-subtended territories, justifying the use of this methodology to evaluate myocardial perfusion in patients with CABG.

Radiation Exposure with the Radial Approach for Diagnostic Coronary Angiography in a Centre Previously Performing Purely the Femoral Approach

INTRODUCTION Use of the radial approach for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is known to improve many patient outcome measures. However, there is some concern that it may be associated with increased patient radiation exposure. This study explores radiation exposure with the radial approach compared with the femoral approach in a centre previously performing purely femoral approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data was collected retrospectively for all patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography over a six month period. PCIs and procedures with inherent technical difficulty or use of additional techniques (graft studies, optical coherence tomography, fractional flow reserve) were excluded. Dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time (FT) were analysed for all remaining procedures (n=389), comparing radial (n=109) and femoral (n=280) approaches. RESULTS The overall mean FT for transradial cases (7.45 mins) was significantly higher than for transfemoral cases (4.59 mins; p<0.001). The overall mean DAP for transradial cases (95.64 G Gycm(2)) was significantly higher than for transfemoral cases (70.25 Gycm(2), p<0.05)). Neither the FT nor the DAP decreased over the six month period. CONCLUSION The radial approach was associated with significantly higher DAP and FT compared to the femoral approach during an initial introductory phase which was likely insufficient to develop radial proficiency. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies and may influence choice of access for non-emergent diagnostic coronary angiography before radial proficiency has been established, particularly for patients more susceptible to radiation risks.

Results of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a consecutive group of patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction at a tertiary Australian centre

Background: Multicentre randomized controlled trials (RCT) of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have consistently shown lower mortality compared with fibrinolysis, if carried out in a timely manner. Although primary PCI is now standard of care in many centres, it remains unknown whether results from RCT of selected patients are generalizable to a ‘real‐world’ Australian setting. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate whether a strategy of routine invasive management for patients with STEMI can achieve 30‐day and 12‐month mortality rates comparable with multicentre RCT. Secondary goals were to determine 30‐day mortality rates in prespecified high‐risk subgroups, and symptom‐onset‐ and door‐to‐balloon‐inflation times.

Aberrant Mitral Valve Chord Discovered During Cardiac Surgery

Fig 2. Faberrant mitral valve chord found on perioperative transesophageal echocardiogram (marked with red arrows) in a 74-year-old Indian lady during coronary artery bypass surgery (AML 1⁄4 anterior mitral leaflet; AV 1⁄4 aortic valve; LA 1⁄4 left atrium; LV 1⁄4 left ventricle; PML 1⁄4 posterior mitral leaflet). The chord originated from the roof of the left atrium to the free edge of the P3 segment of the mitral valve and restricted free movement. Atriotomy and resection of the chord was performed (Fig 2). On histology, the specimen appeared to be benign fibroelastotic tissue. Only 1 other such case of this rare anomaly has been reported in the literature [1]. Mitral valve formation begins during the fourth week of gestation. At the eighth week, the 2 ends of the orifice connect to compacting columns in the trabecular muscle

Hourglass appearance on ventriculography: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Clinical introduction A 75-year-old patient with hypertension and severe aortic stenosis underwent elective coronary angiography that showed mild non-obstructive disease in the mid left anterior descending artery (LAD). A left ventriculogram, however, demonstrated segmental systolic dysfunction with dilated akinetic apex (figure 1A, see online supplementary video 1). There was no history of prior myocardial infarction and the patient had not experienced any chest pain recently. A 12-lead ECG showed widespread deep symmetrical inverted T-waves with the exception of leads I, aVL and V1 (see online supplementary figure S1). Cardiac MRI (CMR) was performed to further delineate the morphology of the left ventricle (LV) and a representative frame in late gadolinium phase is shown (figure 1B). Question Above information is most likely consistent with: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm Apical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with aneurysm formation A sequel of prior myocardial infarction in the setting of aortic stenosis Left ventricular non-compaction