C. Edwin Young

Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Small Communities

A sizable portion of the budget in many small communities is devoted to the treatment of wastewater (more commonly called sewage). A community of 5,000 persons may spend more than

OPTIMAL CROP MIX FOR LAND APPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

150,000 annually (adjusted to a June 1978 base) for secondary wastewater treatment using trickling filters, a lowcost alternative for this size community. If, in addition, advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) is required to remove nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, in order to meet surface water quality standards, annual costs can increase to

How Decoupled Is U.S. Agricultural Support for Major Crops

391,000 and

The 2002 Farm Act: Provisions And Implications For Commodity Markets

443,000, depending on whether treatment techniques such as lime addition and nitrificationdenitrification are used (Young 1978). These processes can remove approximately 90% of the phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively, in municipal wastewater. As national policies to improve the quality of surface waters are implemented, increasing numbers of small communities in rural areas are being required to increase the level of treatment to include AWT. Research reported in this article shows that land treatment (LT) of municipal wastewaters can meet these increased surface water

Agricultural Policy Reform In The Wto: The Road Ahead

Least cost solutions for a three million gallon a day land application of municipal wastewater system are estimated for three levels of capital cost subsidy: no subsidy, 7 5 percent, and 85 percent. Irrigation of reed canarygrass is superior of alfalfa, corn, forests, and natural vegetation (weeds). The cost of a full year irrigation of reed canarygrass ranges from

Production and Price Impacts of U.S. Crop Insurance Programs

493,000 to

Decoupled Payments in a Changing Policy Setting

565,000 depending upon the assumed value of reed canarygrass. If the local municipality minimizes its costs while receiving subsidies, inefficiencies result. Total costs to society can increase in excess of 65 percent of the minimum cost solution.