C. Freitas

Genome wide scan for quantitative trait loci affecting tick resistance in cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus).

BackgroundIn tropical countries, losses caused by bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation have a tremendous economic impact on cattle production systems. Genetic variation between Bos taurus and Bos indicus to tick resistance and molecular biology tools might allow for the identification of molecular markers linked to resistance traits that could be used as an auxiliary tool in selection programs. The objective of this work was to identify QTL associated with tick resistance/susceptibility in a bovine F2 population derived from the Gyr (Bos indicus) × Holstein (Bos taurus) cross.ResultsThrough a whole genome scan with microsatellite markers, we were able to map six genomic regions associated with bovine tick resistance. For most QTL, we have found that depending on the tick evaluation season (dry and rainy) different sets of genes could be involved in the resistance mechanism. We identified dry season specific QTL on BTA 2 and 10, rainy season specific QTL on BTA 5, 11 and 27. We also found a highly significant genome wide QTL for both dry and rainy seasons in the central region of BTA 23.ConclusionsThe experimental F2 population derived from Gyr × Holstein cross successfully allowed the identification of six highly significant QTL associated with tick resistance in cattle. QTL located on BTA 23 might be related with the bovine histocompatibility complex. Further investigation of these QTL will help to isolate candidate genes involved with tick resistance in cattle.

Gestation length, birth weight and offspring gender ratio of in vitro-produced Gyr (Bos indicus) cattle embryos

In vitro embryo production (IVP) has been suggested to result in a greater proportion of male calves, longer gestation and heavier offspring than artificial insemination in Bos taurus cattle. Despite the increasing use of IVP in tropical countries, its effects upon these traits in Bos indicus have not been conclusively investigated. Gyr is a B. indicus dairy breed with known physiological differences from B. taurus, such as a longer gestation period and lighter offspring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of IVP on gestation length, birth weight and gender ratio in Gyr offspring. Oocytes were recovered from Gyr cows by ovum pick-up and were matured and fertilized with thawed Gyr semen in vitro. Embryos were cultured in CR2aa medium with cumulus cells and 10% fetal calf serum under 5% CO(2) at 38.5 degrees C in air. Seven- to eight-day blastocysts were transferred to synchronized recipients. Data on gestation length and birth weight of calves from in vitro-produced embryos were compared to data obtained from Gyr calves produced by artificial insemination (AI) and natural breeding (NB) during the same period using analysis of variance, and the gender ratio was compared to the expected 1:1 ratio using a chi-square test. IVP increased (P<0.01) the percentage of male offspring (76.9%) compared to the expected 1:1 ratio, while no difference (P>0.05) was observed in the AI and NB groups. Gestation length was similar (P>0.05) between the IVP and AI groups, but IVP-derived offspring were heavier (P<0.05) than AI- and NB-derived ones, mainly for male calves (P<0.05). These data show that in vitro production affects the subsequent development of Gyr embryos, resulting in a skewed sex ratio and increased birth weight.

Effects of a high-energy diet on oocyte quality and in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cows

The effects of different dietary energy levels [100 and 170% for maintenance (M) and high energy (1.7M), respectively] on metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive parameters were evaluated in nonlactating Bos indicus (Gir; n=14) and Bos taurus (Holstein; n=14) cows submitted to ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up followed by in vitro embryo production. The oocyte donor cows were housed in a tiestall system and fed twice daily (0800 and 1600 h). Twenty-one days before the beginning of the experiment, the animals were fed with a maintenance diet for adaptation followed by the experimental diets (M and 1.7M), and each cow underwent 9 ovum pick-up procedures 14 d apart. The recovered oocytes were cultured in vitro for 7 d. We measured glucose and insulin concentrations and performed glucose tolerance tests and the relative quantification of transcripts (PRDX1, HSP70.1, GLUT1, GLUT5, IGF1R, and IGF2R) from the oocytes recovered at the end of the experimental period. No interactions were observed between the effects of genetic groups and dietary energy level on the qualitative (viable oocytes, quality grade, and oocyte quality index) and quantitative (oocytes recovered) oocyte variables. There were no effects of dietary energy level on the qualitative and quantitative oocyte variables. However, Bos indicus cows had greater numbers of recovered structures, viable oocytes, and A and B oocyte grades as well as better oocyte quality index scores and lower DNA fragmentation rates compared with Bos taurus donors. In vitro embryo production (cleavage and blastocyst rates and number of embryos) was similar between diets, but the 1.7M diet reduced in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus cows after 60 d of treatment. Moreover, Bos indicus cows on the 1.7M diet showed lower transcript abundance for the HSP70.1, GLUT1, IGF1R, and IGF2R genes. All cows fed 1.7M diets had greater glucose and insulin concentrations and greater insulin resistance according to the glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, increasing dietary energy did not interfere with oocyte numbers and quality, but the 1.7M diet reduced in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus cows after 60 d of treatment. Finally, Bos indicus cows had greater oocyte quality, greater numbers of viable oocytes and greater in vitro embryo yield than Bos taurus.

Taxa de gestação e níveis plasmáticos de progesterona, em receptoras de embrião bovino, tratadas com buserelina após a inovulação

Forty-two crossbred dairy cows or heifers were randomly allocated to two treatments: T1 (n=22) - control group, without hormonal treatment; T2 (n=20) - treated group with buserelin in the fourth day after embryo transfer, to evaluate the effect of hormonal treatment on the pregnancy rate and plasma concentrations of progesterone in bovine embryo recipients. Blood collection samples for plasma obtainment were realized on day of embryo transfer (day 0) and every other day, in a total of five samples per recipients. The pregnancy diagnosis was realized by transrectal way. The use of a GnRH agonist (buserelin) on the fourth day after embryo transfer did not result on difference between treatments in relation to the pregnancy rate. However, the plasma levels of progesterone of pregnant recipients of the treated group were greater as compared with those of the control group.

Concentração espermática na fecundação in vitro, com sêmen de touro da raça Guzerá

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sperm concentrations of Guzera bull semen during in vitro fertilization on the cleavage rate. Oocytes (n=356) obtained from a slaughterhouse ovaries, were in vitro matured and randomly divided into four treatments for in vitro fertilization, according to sperm concentrations: TI (0.5´ 106 spermatozoa/ml); TII (1.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml); TIII (2.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml) e TIV (4.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml). Frozen semen from one Guzera bull was used for in vitro fertilization. The live sperms were separated by swim up, washed once by centrifugation, and then placed in in vitro fertilization media. The in vitro fertilization was performed in tubes in media with heparin and incubated in 5% CO2, at 39oC for 20h. Thereafter, the oocytes were washed in Talp Hepes medium and cultured during three days in TCM 199 and bovine oviduct epithelial cells, at the same conditions of in vitro fertilization. From the spermatozoa used at the beginning of swim up, 10.21± 0.98% were recovered, and the motility increased from 67.5± 2.5% to 81.25± 2.4%. The cleavage rates were 31,0% (n=71), 44.7% (n=85), 55.9% (n=127), and 52.0% (n=73) for TI, TII, TIII, and TIV, respectively. The cleavage rate in TI was lower than in TIII and TIV (P<0.05). These results suggest that the best spermatic concentration during the in vitro fertilization, with Guzera bull semen, is above 1.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml. Sperm concentration of 0.5´ 106 spermatozoa/ml was not efficient in this trial.

Genome-wide association studies for tick resistance in Bos taurus × Bos indicus crossbred cattle : A deeper look into this intricate mechanism

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the main cattle ectoparasite in tropical areas. Gir × Holstein crossbred cows are well adapted to different production systems in Brazil. In this context, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses for R. microplus resistance in an experimental Gir × Holstein F2 population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified in GWAS were used to build gene networks and to investigate the breed of origin for its alleles. Tick artificial infestations were performed during the dry and rainy seasons. Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and single-step BLUP procedure was used for GWAS. Post-GWAS analyses were performed by gene ontology terms enrichment and gene transcription factors networks, generated from enriched transcription factors, identified from the promoter sequences of selected gene sets. The genetic origin of marker alleles in the F2 population was assigned using the breed of origin of alleles approach. Heritability estimates for tick counts were 0.40 ± 0.11 in the rainy season and 0.54 ± 0.11 in the dry season. The top ten 0.5-Mbp windows with the highest percentage of genetic variance explained by SNP markers were found in chromosomes 10 and 23 for both the dry and rainy seasons. Gene network analyses allowed the identification of genes involved with biological processes relevant to immune system functions (TREM1, TREM2, and CD83). Gene-transcription factors network allowed the identification of genes involved with immune functions (MYO5A, TREML1, and PRSS16). In resistant animals, the average proportion of animals showing significant SNPs with paternal and maternal alleles originated from Gir breed was 44.8% whereas the proportion of animals with both paternal and maternal alleles originated from Holstein breed was 11.3%. Susceptible animals showing both paternal and maternal alleles originated from Holstein breed represented 44.6% on average, whereas both paternal and maternal alleles originated from Gir breed animals represented 9.3%. This study allowed us to identify candidate genes for tick resistance in Gir × Holstein crossbreds in both rainy and dry seasons. According to the origin of alleles analysis, we found that most animals classified as resistant showed 2 alleles from Gir breed, while the susceptible ones showed alleles from Holstein. Based on these results, the identified genes may be thoroughly investigated in additional experiments aiming to validate their effects on tick resistance phenotype in cattle.

Post implantation development reveals that biopsy procedure can segregate “healthy” from “unhealthy” bovine embryos and prevent miscarriages

Embryo biopsy has been performed in bovine in vivo produced embryos for the last twenty years, but little could be done with few embryonic cells in the past. Recently, advances in single cell analysis enabled a wide range of applications using embryo biopsy, from morphology to genetics analysis and different omics-techniques, which are promising for in vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos. The aim of this study was to address if biopsy procedure would affect post implantation development of IVF blastocyts. Here we show that blastocyst stage do not affect re-expansion of biopsied embryos (regular blastocyst: 73.7%; expanded blastocyst: 73.1%), but affects (p<0.05) implantation (regular blastocyst: 37.8%, expanded blastocyst: 61.0%), so ideally biopsy should be performed in expanded blastocysts. No detrimental effect of biopsy procedure was detected for post-implantation development (calving rates, Biopsy: 47.1%, Control: 41.9%), and normal calves were born (Birth weight, Biopsy: 32.10±7.20kg; Control: 30.95±5.43kg). Surprisingly, we found interesting results suggesting embryo survival can be increased with aggressive procedures (such as embryo biopsy), and this is highly associated with early pregnancy loss (Biopsy: 0%, Control: 17.4%). This finding also suggests morphological classification of day 7 blastocysts is far from ideal, and supposedly, unhealthy embryos can implant but are bound to miscarriage during the first trimester (non-biopsied embryos). Our results show biopsy procedure is safe for bovine IVF embryos, and shed new light into the importance of conceptus in early pregnancy loss in cattle.

Sperm concentration in in vitro fertilization with Guzera bull semen.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sperm concentrations of Guzera bull semen during in vitro fertilization on the cleavage rate. Oocytes (n=356) obtained from a slaughterhouse ovaries, were in vitro matured and randomly divided into four treatments for in vitro fertilization, according to sperm concentrations: TI (0.5´ 106 spermatozoa/ml); TII (1.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml); TIII (2.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml) e TIV (4.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml). Frozen semen from one Guzera bull was used for in vitro fertilization. The live sperms were separated by swim up, washed once by centrifugation, and then placed in in vitro fertilization media. The in vitro fertilization was performed in tubes in media with heparin and incubated in 5% CO2, at 39oC for 20h. Thereafter, the oocytes were washed in Talp Hepes medium and cultured during three days in TCM 199 and bovine oviduct epithelial cells, at the same conditions of in vitro fertilization. From the spermatozoa used at the beginning of swim up, 10.21± 0.98% were recovered, and the motility increased from 67.5± 2.5% to 81.25± 2.4%. The cleavage rates were 31,0% (n=71), 44.7% (n=85), 55.9% (n=127), and 52.0% (n=73) for TI, TII, TIII, and TIV, respectively. The cleavage rate in TI was lower than in TIII and TIV (P<0.05). These results suggest that the best spermatic concentration during the in vitro fertilization, with Guzera bull semen, is above 1.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml. Sperm concentration of 0.5´ 106 spermatozoa/ml was not efficient in this trial.

Sperm concentration in the in vitro fertilization of Guzera bull semen

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sperm concentrations of Guzera bull semen during in vitro fertilization on the cleavage rate. Oocytes (n=356) obtained from a slaughterhouse ovaries, were in vitro matured and randomly divided into four treatments for in vitro fertilization, according to sperm concentrations: TI (0.5´ 106 spermatozoa/ml); TII (1.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml); TIII (2.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml) e TIV (4.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml). Frozen semen from one Guzera bull was used for in vitro fertilization. The live sperms were separated by swim up, washed once by centrifugation, and then placed in in vitro fertilization media. The in vitro fertilization was performed in tubes in media with heparin and incubated in 5% CO2, at 39oC for 20h. Thereafter, the oocytes were washed in Talp Hepes medium and cultured during three days in TCM 199 and bovine oviduct epithelial cells, at the same conditions of in vitro fertilization. From the spermatozoa used at the beginning of swim up, 10.21± 0.98% were recovered, and the motility increased from 67.5± 2.5% to 81.25± 2.4%. The cleavage rates were 31,0% (n=71), 44.7% (n=85), 55.9% (n=127), and 52.0% (n=73) for TI, TII, TIII, and TIV, respectively. The cleavage rate in TI was lower than in TIII and TIV (P<0.05). These results suggest that the best spermatic concentration during the in vitro fertilization, with Guzera bull semen, is above 1.0´ 106 spermatozoa/ml. Sperm concentration of 0.5´ 106 spermatozoa/ml was not efficient in this trial.