C. Trier

Reference values for serum total adiponectin in healthy non-obese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND Adiponectin is an abundant adipocyte-secreted hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes and is correlated to various metabolic disorders. Pediatric reference levels are needed for the risk stratification and interpretation of individual serum adiponectin levels. METHODS A total of 1193 healthy, non-obese Danish schoolchildren (730 girls, 463 boys) aged 6-18 years (median 11.9) were examined by trained medical staff. Total serum adiponectin concentrations in venous fasting blood samples were quantitated by a DuoSet® ELISA human Adiponectin/Acrp30 (R&D Systems) following optimization. RESULTS In a generalized linear model adjusted for BMI SDS, total serum adiponectin concentrations were correlated to age in girls (p<0.0001) and boys (p=<0.0001) and for both sexes combined (p<0.0001). No significant difference between sexes was found. Reference intervals were calculated using age as a continuous variable. The best fitted reference curve for both sexes was: 50th percentile: Y=-0.1478 ∗ X+6.046; 2.5th percentile: Y=-0.06256 ∗ X+2.34; 97.5th percentile: Y=-0.4086 ∗ X+22.39, where Y=adiponectin in μg/mL and X=years of age (from 6 to 18 years). CONCLUSION We developed a pediatric reference levels for total serum adiponectin in a sample of 1193 Danish children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. A correlation with age was demonstrated in children, but no significant difference was seen between the sexes.

A hospital-based child and adolescent overweight and obesity treatment protocol transferred into a community healthcare setting

Background Due to the pandemic of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, improvements in overweight and obesity treatment availability and accessibility are needed. Methods In this prospective study, we investigated if reductions in body mass index (BMI) standard deviation scores (SDS) and waist circumference (WC) would occur during 1.5 years of community-based overweight and obesity treatment based upon an effective hospital-based overweight and obesity treatment protocol, The Children’s Obesity Clinics’ Treatment protocol. Height, weight, and WC were measured at all consultations. Changes in BMI SDS and WC were analyzed using linear mixed models based upon the repeated measures in each child. Results From June 2012 to January 2015, 1,001 children (455 boys) were consecutively enrolled in the community-based treatment program. Upon entry, the median age was 11 years (range: 3−18), and the median BMI SDS was 2.85 (range: 1.26−8.96) in boys and 2.48 (range: 1.08−4.41) in girls. After 1.5 years of treatment BMI SDS was reduced in 74% of the children. BMI SDS was reduced by a mean of 0.38 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30−0.45, p<0.0001) in boys and 0.18 (95% CI: 0.12−0.25, p<0.0001) in girls after 1.5 years of treatment, independently of baseline age, BMI SDS, and Tanner stage (all p>0.08). WC was reduced by a mean of 3.8 cm (95% CI: 2.7−4.9, p>0.0001) in boys and 5.1 cm (95% CI: 4.0−6.2, p>0.0001) in girls. The dropout rate was 31% after 1.5 years. A median of 4.5 consultation hours was invested per child per year. Conclusion BMI SDS and WC were reduced after 1.5 years of treatment. Hence, this community-based overweight and obesity treatment program may help accommodate the need for improvements in treatment availability and accessibility.

Effects of a Family-Based Childhood Obesity Treatment Program on Parental Weight Status

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight statuses during their child’s treatment. Methods The study included parents of 1,125 children and adolescents aged 3–22 years, who were enrolled in a multidisciplinary childhood obesity treatment program. At baseline, weight and height of the parents were obtained by self-reported information and parental body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Weight and height of the children were measured in the clinic and BMI standard deviation scores were calculated. Furthermore, anthropometric data from parents of 664 children were obtained by telephone interview after a mean of 2.5 years of treatment (ranging 16 days to 7 years), and changes in parental BMI were analyzed. Results Data on changes in BMI were available in 606 mothers and 479 fathers. At baseline, the median BMI of the mothers was 28.1 kg/m2 (range: 16.9–66.6), and the median BMI of the fathers was 28.9 kg/m2 (range: 17.2–48.1). Seventy percent of the mothers and 80% of the fathers were overweight or obese at the time of their child’s treatment initiation. Both the mothers and fathers lost weight during their child’s treatment with a mean decrease in BMI in the mothers of 0.5 (95% CI: 0.2–0.8, p = 0.0006) and in the fathers of 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2–0.6, p = 0.0007). Of the overweight/obese parents, 60% of the mothers and 58% of the fathers lost weight during their child’s treatment. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment. Family-based childhood obesity treatment with a focus on the child has a positive effect on parental BMI with both mothers and fathers losing weight. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00928473

The Influence of Familial Predisposition to Cardiovascular Complications upon Childhood Obesity Treatment

Introduction The aim was to investigate whether a familial predisposition to obesity related cardiovascular complications was associated with the degree of obesity at baseline and/or changes in the degree of obesity during a multidisciplinary childhood obesity treatment program. Methods The study included 1421 obese children (634 boys) with a median age of 11.5 years (range 3.1–17.9 years), enrolled in treatment for 0.04 to 5.90 years (median 1.3 years) at the Childrens Obesity Clinic, Denmark. At baseline, weight and height were measured, body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) calculated, and self-reported information on familial predisposition to obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), thromboembolic events, and dyslipidaemia were obtained. A familial predisposition included events in biological parents, siblings, grandparents, uncles, and aunts. The treatment outcomes were categorically analysed according to the prevalence of familial predispositions. Results The median BMI SDS at enrolment was 3.2 in boys and 2.8 in girls. One-thousand-and-forty-one children had obesity in their family, 773 had hypertension, 551 had T2DM, 568 had thromboembolic events, and 583 had dyslipidaemia. Altogether, 733 had three or more predispositions. At baseline, familial T2DM was associated with a higher mean BMI SDS (p = 0.03), but no associations were found between the other predispositions and the childrens degree of obesity. During treatment, girls with familial obesity lost more weight, compared to girls without familial obesity (p = 0.04). No other familial predispositions were associated with changes in BMI SDS during treatment. Conclusion Obese children with a familial predisposition to T2DM showed a significantly higher degree of obesity at baseline and girls with familial obesity responded better to treatment. Besides these findings, no other associations were found between the occurrence of familial predispositions and the degree of obesity or changes herein during multidisciplinary childhood obesity treatment.

No influence of sugar, snacks and fast food intake on the degree of obesity or treatment effect in childhood obesity

Increased consumption of sweetened beverages has previously been linked to the degree of childhood obesity.

No influence of sugar, snacks and fast food intake on the degree of obesity or treatment effect in childhood obesity: Sugar intake in childhood obesity treatment

Increased consumption of sweetened beverages has previously been linked to the degree of childhood obesity.

No influence of sugar, snacks and fast food intake on the degree of obesity or treatment effect in childhood obesity: Pediatric Obesity

Increased consumption of sweetened beverages has previously been linked to the degree of childhood obesity.

1H‐MRS measured ectopic fat in liver and muscle is associated with the metabolic syndrome in Danish girls but not in boys with overweight and obesity.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complication to overweight and obesity, which can be observed already in childhood. Ectopic lipid accumulation in muscle and liver has been shown to associate with the development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Thus, the interaction between MetS and ectopic fat may offer clinical relevance.

Influence of sugar, snacks, and fast food intake on childhood obesity treatment

Nutrition preference lists do exist for adults (NPL-E) and children between 8 and 18 years (NPL-CJ, Ardelt-Gattinger & Meindl, 2010). For children 4–6 they are limited to fruits and vegetables (Carraway-Stage, Spangler, Borges, & Goodell, 2014). Thus, this prestudy of SALzburg Together against Obesity aimed to revise, standardize and validate the NPL-CJ for 4–6 year olds. For item analysis and validation the NPL_4–6 was tested in thirty 4to 6-yearold children. Pictures of various foods were evaluated using a 3-point smiley scale. The results were validated by parental rating (P_Val) and children’s buying behaviour in a grocery play situation (GS_Val). Test consistency was measured with reliability analysis and retest reliability was set as significant at p < .05. Twenty-eight items were extracted for overall scale (Cronbach’s Alpha .81). Retest reliabilities were r = −.12–.68. Validation with P_Val was partly significant with rs = −.22–.59 and with GS_Val partly significant with rs = −.31–.76. Consistency was moderate to high. However, due to children’s unexpected misperceptions of some food, validity did not achieve standards in test development (see also Vereecken, Vandervorst, Nicklas, Covents, & Maes, 2010). Further research is warranted.